| 单词 | 严酷 |
| 释义 | 〔hard〕a long, hard winter.漫长而严酷的冬季〔retire〕Despite the upbeat books written about retiringand the fact that it is a well-earned time of relaxation from the daily rigors of work,many people do not find it a particularly pleasant prospect.Perhaps the etymology ofretire may hint at why. The ultimate source of our word is the Old French wordretirer, made up of the prefixre-, meaning in this case "back,” and the verb tirer, "to draw,” together meaning "to take back or withdraw.” The first use of the English wordretire is recorded in 1533 in reference to a military force that withdraws.It is not until 1667 that we find the word used to mean "to withdraw from a position for more leisure.”In regard to the sting in all thiswe need to look at the source oftirer, "to draw, draw out, endure,”which ultimately may be from Old Frenchmartir, "a martyr,” probably reflecting the fact that martyrs had to endure the torture of being stretched up to and beyond the point of dislocating their bones.尽管有关于退休的乐观书籍，以及退休是从日常工作的严酷中解放出来的极好时光的事实，许多人并没有发现它特别令人愉悦的地方。也许retire 的语源学暗示了原因。 这个词最早的来源是古法语单词retirer ， 由在此意指“向后”的前缀re- 及意为“拉”的动词 tiver 合在一起组成，意为“撤回或退回”。 英语单词retire 的使用则最早记录于1553年， 指撤退的军队。直到1667年我们才发现该词用于表达“为得到更多的闲暇而退出职位。”考虑到所有这些词的负面含义，我们有必要看看tirer 的词源， 其意为“拉，拉出，容忍，”它可能最初源于意为“殉道者”的古法语martir ， 这可能反映了一个事实，即殉者不得不忍受四肢被拉直至骨肉脱离的酷刑〔time〕In time they came to accept the harsh facts.他们最终承认了严酷的事实〔unkind〕Harsh; severe:严厉的；严酷的：〔bitter〕Causing a sharply unpleasant, painful, or stinging sensation; harsh:严酷的：不快的，痛苦的，刺痛的；涩口的：〔brutal〕Harsh; unrelenting:严酷的；无情的：〔Brattle〕American merchant known primarily for his strong denunciation of the Salem witch trials (1692) and his opposition to the rigid Puritanism of Cotton and Increase Mather.布拉托，托马斯：(1658-1713) 美国商人，因谴责塞勒姆的巫术试验和反对科顿和英克里斯·马太（1692年）的严酷的清教主义而闻名〔stark〕"faced with that stark future"(Robert C. McFarlane)“[They] found it hard to accept such a stark portrait of unrelieved failure" (W. Bruce Lincoln)“面对严酷的未来”(罗伯特C.麦克法兰尼)“[他们] 发现要接受这样一个无可挽回的失败图景是很困难的” (W.布鲁斯·林肯)〔stern〕Grim, gloomy, or forbidding in appearance or outlook.苛刻的：外观或面貌上严酷的；不高兴的〔gremlin〕Elves, goblins, and trolls seem to be the timeless creations of the distant past,but gremlins were born in the 20th century.In fact,gremlin is first recorded only in the 1920's, as a Royal Air Force term for a low-ranking officer or enlisted man saddled with oppressive assignments. Said to have been invented by members of the Royal Naval Air Service in World War I,gremlin is used in works written in the 1940's for "an imaginary gnomelike creature who causes difficulties in aircraft.”The word seems likely to have been influenced bygoblin, but accounts of its origin are various and none are certain.One source calls in Fremlin beer bottles to explain the word;another, the Irish Gaelic wordgruaimín, "ill-humored little fellow.” Whatever the word's origin,it is certain that gremlins have taken on a life of their own.小精灵、小妖怪和侏儒似乎很久以前就被创造出来而且流传至今，而小妖精一词则是20世纪的产物。事实上，gremlin 在20世纪20年代首次被记录下来时为皇家空军对一个承受严酷任务的低级军官或征召者的称呼。 据说这是在第一次世界大战中由皇家空军的成员创造出来的。1904年，gremlin 被用在书面的作品中， 意为“一种想象中的在飞机上制造麻烦的小生物。”这个词看起来很有可能受了goblin 一词的影响， 但对其词源说法不一，莫衷一是。一种说法用弗来姆林啤酒瓶来解释这一词；而另一种认为爱尔兰凯尔特语词汇gruaimin 意为“坏脾气的小家伙”为其词源。 不管源自何处，有一点是肯定的，小妖精自身有其生命力〔trial〕the crucible of revolution;革命严酷的考验；〔draconian〕a draconian legal code; draconian budget cuts.严酷的法典；大幅度的削减预算〔relentless〕Unyielding in severity or strictness; unrelenting:无情的：在严酷或严格方面不屈从的，不宽容的：〔stark〕Harsh; grim:严酷的；苛刻的：〔difficulty〕undergoing the rigors of prison;经受严酷的监狱生活；〔tenderfoot〕A newcomer not yet hardened to rough outdoor life; a greenhorn.艰苦地区的新来者：一个尚未被严酷的户外生活锻炼得坚强起来的新来者；一个新移民〔tyranny〕Extreme harshness or severity; rigor.暴虐：极端残酷或严厉；严酷〔tough〕Severe; harsh:严酷的；苛刻的：〔scourge〕A means of inflicting severe suffering, vengeance, or punishment.鞭笞：一种严酷折磨、报复或者惩罚的方式〔Clearchus〕Spartan military leader and governor of Byzantium (408). His rule was so severe that the people surrendered the city to the Athenians in his absence.克利阿科斯：斯巴达军事领导人，拜占庭统治者（公元前408年）。其统治的严酷导致在他不在时，人民献城给雅典人〔draconian〕Exceedingly harsh; very severe:严酷的：极其残酷的；十分严厉的：〔dour〕a dour, self-sacrificing life.严酷的、自我牺牲式的生活〔Draco〕Athenian politician who codified the laws of Athens (c. 621). Lauded for its impartiality, his code was unpopular for its severity.德拉古：雅典政治家，制定了雅典的法典（公元前621年），该法典因其公平受到赞扬，但因其严酷而不受欢迎〔mean〕 Abject means brought low in condition; it often indicates starkness or hopelessness: Abject 多指因处于严酷、无望的状态下导致的卑鄙行为： 〔pariah〕In the wordpariah, which can be used for anyone who is a social outcast, independent of social position,we have a reminder of a much more rigid social system,where only certain people could be pariahs.The caste system of India placed members of the pariah caste very low in society;until 1949 they were also known asuntouchables. The wordpariah, however, which we have extended in meaning, came into English from Tamil paṛaiyar, the plural of paṛaiyan, the caste name, which literally means “(hereditary) drummer"and comes from the wordpaṛai, the name of a drum used at certain festivals. The word is first recorded in English in 1613.Its use in English and its extension in use probably owe much to the close relationship that developed between Great Britain and India.Indeed, many of the British servants in India were from the pariah caste.pariah 一词能用于任何一个被社会遗弃的人， 不管他的社会地位如何，在这个词中，对我们有一个更严酷的社会体制的暗示，在这种体制下，仅仅某些特定的人才能成为被社会遗弃的人。印度的社会体制把被遗弃者的社会地位订得很低，直到1949年这些人还仍旧被称作是不可接触者 。 然而，我们已经扩展了含义的pariah 一词从泰米尔语 paraiyar 即 paraiyan 的复数转入英语中来， 字面含义是“（世袭）鼓手”，源于一种特定节日用的鼓名parai 。 1613年这个词首次在英语中有所记录。它在英文中的运用和用法的扩展可能很大程度是由于大不列颠和印度的密切关系。的确，在印度许多英国人的佣人都来自于贱民阶层〔ironbound〕Rigid and unyielding:刻板的；严酷的：〔scourge〕To afflict with severe or widespread suffering and devastation; ravage.使苦恼：以严酷或普遍的折磨和破坏使人痛苦；破坏〔oppress〕To keep down by severe and unjust use of force or authority:压迫，威迫：用严酷的或非正义的权力或权威镇压：〔asperity〕Roughness or harshness, as of surface, sound, or climate:严酷：粗糙或粗暴（严寒），如表面，声音，气候：〔rigorous〕Full of rigors; harsh:严峻的，严酷的：充满困难的；艰苦的：〔brutality〕The state or quality of being ruthless, cruel, harsh, or unrelenting.野蛮，残忍，严酷或无情〔rugged〕Tempestuous; stormy:严酷的；狂风暴雨的： |
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