| 单词 | 争论 |
| 释义 | 〔opinion〕 Opinion is applicable to a judgment,especially a personal judgment,based on grounds insufficient to rule out the possibility of dispute: Opinion 常用于法院判决，尤其指个人的判断，它基于一种根据，这种根据不足于排除可能的争论： 〔thoughtless〕The debate turned into thoughtless bickering.这场争论变成了一场无谓的争吵〔fit〕not a fit time or place for an argument.不是争论的好时间或好地方。〔issue〕A point or matter of discussion, debate, or dispute:争议，辩论：争议、争论、争执的要点或事件：〔include〕"Every argument involves some assumptions" (Brooke F. Westcott).“任何争论都牵涉到某些假定” （布鲁克·F·威斯克特）。〔biggie〕"hassles between executive biggies"(New York)“行政要人之间的争论”(纽约)〔Hansard〕The official report of the proceedings and debates of a legislature in the Commonwealth of Nations, especially of the British or Canadian parliament.英国议会议事录：在不列颠联邦内产生的立法争论和议事进程的官方报告，尤指英国或加拿大议会〔interpose〕To insert a remark, a question, or an argument.插嘴：插入言语、问题、或争论〔belligerent〕 Quarrelsome suggests bad temper and a perverse readiness to bicker and quarrel: Quarrelsome 意指坏脾气和对争论或争吵具有违反常情的机敏： 〔discord〕Tension or strife resulting from a lack of agreement; dissension.不调和：由于不一致而造成了不和、争论；争议〔argue〕 Squabble suggests disagreeable argument, usually over a petty or trivial matter: Squabble 指令人不快的争论，常为一些小的或琐碎事： 〔valid〕These adjectives describe assertions, arguments, conclusions, reasons, or intellectual processes that are persuasive because they are well founded, as in fact, logic. or rationality.What isvalid is based on or borne out by truth or fact or has legal force: 这些形容词描述了因为有确凿证据，如在事实、逻辑或理由上，而很具说服力的主张、争论、结论、理由或智力过程。valid 的事物是建立在或产生于真理或事实上或具有法律效应： 〔sophism〕Deceptive or fallacious argumentation.谬误：使人误解或诡辩的争论〔hardly〕The use ofhardly with a negative is avoided in Standard English. Some critics have been puzzled that adverbs such ashardly, rarely, and scarcely should be treated as negatives in the traditional strictures against double negation, which tars sentences likeI couldn't hardly see him with the same brush as I didn't get none. After all, they argue, the sentenceMary hardly laughed entails that Mary did laugh, not that she didn't,and therefore does not express a negative proposition.Buthardly and scarcely occur with other negative expressions in a number of ways. For one thing, they combine with items such asany and at all, which are characteristically associated with negative contexts: we sayI hardly saw him at all or I never saw him at all but notI occasionally saw him at all; we sayI hardly had any time or I didn't have any time but notI had any time, and so on. Like other negative adverbs,hardly triggers inversion of the subject and auxiliary when it begins a sentence. Thus we sayHardly had I arrived when she left, on the pattern of Never have I read such a book or At no time has he condemned the movement. Such inversion is not used with other adverbs:we would not sayOccasionally has he addressed this question or To a slight degree have they changed their position. The fact is that adverbs such ashardly are semantically negative in that they qualify a state or an event relative to the limiting case of nonoccurrence.Thus the meaning ofhardly is, roughly, "almost not at all"; the meaning ofrarely is "practically never"; and so forth. These adverbs are felt to have a negative component in their meaning,and it should not be surprising that grammarians have reacted to combinations ofhardly with negatives in the same way that they have reacted to combinations of pairs of negatives such as not and none. See Usage Note at double negative ,rarely ,scarcely Hardly 和一个否定词在一起的用法在标准英语中应尽量避免， 一些批评学家一直怀疑象hardly，rarely 和 scarcely 这样的副词在传统的双重否定的句中应被视为否定词， 这样的词使句子象I couldn't hardly see him 和 I didn't get none 一样被弄糟了， 他们争论说，毕竟句子Mary hardly laughed 的意思是玛丽的确笑了， 而不是她没笑，所以不表示否定的建议。但是hardly 和 scarcely 和其他的否定表示一起在许多方面出现， 举例说，他们和象any 和 at all 这样独特的和否定上下文联系的条目组合在一起， 我们说I hardly saw him at all 或 I never saw him at all , 但并不是I occasionally saw him at all； 我们说I hardly had any time 或 I didn't have any time 但不是I had any time 等。 象其它否定副词，hardly 在句子开头时引起主语和助动词的倒装， 于是我们说Hardly had I arrived when she left， 和 Never have I read such a book 或 At no time has he condemned the movement. 等同样的句型。 别的副词并不用这样的倒装：我们不能说Occasionally has he addressed this question 或 To a slight degree have they changed their position 。 事实是象hardly 这样的副词语义上是否定的， 他们限定修饰了与不发生有关的状态或事件。于是hardly 的意思大概是“几乎根本不”； rarely 的意思大概是“实际上没有”；等等。 这些副词在他们的意思里留有否定的成分，语法学家们对hardly 和否定词组合的反应和对一对否定词如 not 和 none组合的反应一样是不足为奇的 参见 double negative,rarely,scarcely〔adjudicate〕To study and settle (a dispute or controversy):裁夺：研究并解决（争议或争论）：〔argue〕To engage in a quarrel; dispute.参与争吵；争论〔argufy〕To argue aimlessly; wrangle.See Regional Note at absquatulate 争吵：毫无目的的争论；争吵 参见 absquatulate〔testy〕To the casual eyetesty and heady seem to have no connection until one becomes less casual and notes that both words refer to the head.Thehead in heady is easy to see both in the form of the word and in the meanings of the word. The earliest sense,first recorded in a work composed before 1382,is "headlong, headstrong,”which is clearly a "head" sensebut so is the better known current sense "apt to go to the head, intoxicating.”To see thehead in testy, we must look back to the Old French wordtestu, the source of our word. Testu is derived from the Old French word teste, "head" (Modern French tête ). In Englishtesty developed another sense, "aggressive, contentious,” which passed into the sense we are familiar with, "irritable.” 粗看testy 和 heady 似乎没有联系， 直到一个人较为仔细才注意到两个词都指头部。heady 中的 head 很容易看出在形式与意义上均相似。 其最早的意义，首次记录于1382年以前的一部著作中，指“轻率的，顽固的”，显然是“头部”的意思，但现在更为人知的意思是“能入脑的；陶醉的”。而要看head 在 testy 中， 我们必须追溯到古法语testu ，我们这个词的词源。 Testu 源于古法语词 teste ，“头部”（现代法语 tete )。 在英语中，testy 所发展的另一层意思（“好战的，争论的”）转化成了我们熟悉的意思（“暴躁的”） 〔skirmish〕A minor or preliminary conflict or dispute:小冲突：小的或初步的冲突或争论：〔over〕an argument over methods.关于方法的争论〔litigious〕from lītigium [dispute] 源自 lītigium [争论] 〔dispute〕A verbal controversy; a debate.口头辩论；争论〔bag〕Finally in disgust I told my debating opponent to bag it.最后我厌恶地告诉我的争论对手停止讨论〔support〕 Advocate implies verbal support,often in the form of pleading or arguing: Advocte 意指口头上的支持，通常采取辩论或争论的形式： 〔discuss〕 contend is to strive in debate or controversy: Contend 指极力争论或辩论： 〔miff〕A petty quarrel or argument; a tiff.无谓的争吵：不重要的争吵或争论；口角〔arbitrate〕arbitrate a dispute between neighbors.仲裁邻居间的争论〔better〕argued for the better part of an hour.争论了大半个小时〔exemplify〕exemplify an argument.提供争论的例子〔sophism〕A plausible but fallacious argument.诡辩：看似有道理但谬误的争论〔discuss〕"There is no good in arguing with the inevitable" (James Russell Lowell).“拿不可避免的事物争论是没有什么用的” （詹姆士·拉塞尔·洛威尔）。〔unprofitable〕an unprofitable argument.无甚意义的争论〔nonissue〕She felt that the matter of her attire should have been a nonissue.她认为她的穿着打扮不应该是件引起这么多争论的事〔contention〕from contentus [past participle of] contendere [to contend] * see contend 源自 contentus contendere的过去分词 [争论] * 参见 contend〔exceptionable〕Open or liable to objection or debate; objectionable or debatable.可反对的：公开或倾向于反对或争论的；可反对的或可争辩的〔take〕To put forth or adopt as a point of argument, defense, or discussion.提出，采纳：提出或采纳…作为争论、辩解或讨论的一个论点〔divert〕My attention was diverted by an argument between motorists.摩托车手之间的争论转移了我的注意力〔war〕In an active state of conflict or contention.处于交战状态：处于一种冲突或争论的活跃状态〔controversy〕A dispute, especially a public one, between sides holding opposing views.See Synonyms at argument 争论，辩论：在持相反观点两方之间进行的（尤指公开的）争论或辩论 参见 argument〔yielding〕Inclined to give way to pressure, argument, or influence; docile.顺从的：易屈服于压力、争论和势力的；柔顺的 |
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