| 单词 | 偷偷 |
| 释义 | 〔pony〕A word-for-word translation of a foreign language text, especially one used secretly by students as an aid in studying or test-taking. Also called crib ,trot 逐行对照译文：外语文章逐行对照的译文，尤指被学生偷偷用于帮助学习或考试中 也作 crib,trot〔veiled〕"slur-footed ironies, veiled jokes, tiptoe malices"(Edith Wharton)“含糊的讽刺，模糊的笑话，偷偷的怨恨”(伊迪丝·华顿)〔march〕To get ahead of, especially by quiet enterprise.偷偷抢在前面：赶在…前面，尤其是通过私下的冒险行为〔slink〕slunk away ashamed; a cat slinking through the grass toward its prey.羞惭地偷偷溜走了；一只猫偷偷地穿过草丛向猎物扑去〔slinky〕Stealthy, furtive, and sneaking.偷偷摸摸的：偷偷的，鬼鬼祟祟的，秘密的〔sidle〕swindlers who sidle up to tourists.偷偷走向旅客的骗子〔secret〕took a surreptitious glance at his watch;偷偷瞟了一下他的表；〔murmur〕An indistinct, whispered, or confidential complaint; a mutter.咕哝不清楚的、小声的或者偷偷的抱怨；嘟哝〔subreption〕from subreptus [past participle of] surripere, subripere [to take away secretly] * see surreptitious 源自 subreptus surripere, subripere的过去分词 [偷偷拿走] * 参见 surreptitious〔infiltrate〕To pass (troops, for example) surreptitiously into enemy-held territory.潜入：偷偷将（如军队）派遣进入敌人占领的地区〔psst〕Used to capture someone's attention inconspicuously.嘿！嗨！：用来偷偷吸引别人的注意〔sly〕In a way intended to escape notice:诡秘的，偷偷的：试图逃避注意力的方法：〔sneak〕"The Reagan administration snuck in some illegal military assistance before that" (New Republic).“在此之前，里根政府就曾经偷偷提供过一些非法军事援助” （《新共和国报》）。〔immaterial〕The wordimmaterial, meaning "of no importance or relevance,” has made its way in the world in spite of the opposition of no less a figure than Samuel Johnson. Johnson stated that "this sense has crept into the conversation and writings of barbarians; but ought to be utterly rejected.”More than two centuries laterit is difficult for us to recover Johnson's strength of feeling,and this tale might in fact serve as a warning to those who believe that the usages they abominate will not survive and become standard.Although Johnson was a man of immense learning,he did not have the lexicographical resources available today.If Johnson had had access to theOxford Latin Dictionary and the Middle English Dictionary, among other works, he would have seen that frommāter, meaning "a mother,” "a plant as the source of things such as cuttings or fruit,” and "a source,”was derived the wordmāteria, meaning "wood as a building material,” "any substance of which a physical object is made,” "the subject matter of a speech or book,” and "the condition whereby an action is effected.”The adjectivemāteriālis derived from māteria only meant "of or concerned with subject matter" in Classical Latin, but its descendant in Late and Medieval Latin and its descendants in Old French (materiel ) and Middle English ( material ) developed other meanings, such as "consisting of matter.”One Middle English sense, "important, relevant,”that probably harks back to senses of Classical Latinmāteria such as "subject matter" continued in existence after Middle English times. So it was natural for the English wordimmaterial, first recorded in the 15th century, to come to mean "not important,” in spite of Johnson's wrath.尽管不只塞缪尔·约翰逊一个人反对意思为“不重要的，无关紧要的”，immaterial 这个词还是产生了。 约翰逊声明：“这个意思偷偷出现在野蛮民族的对话和写作中；但应该遭到完全抵制。”两个多世纪之后，我们很难重新找到约翰逊强烈的感受。这个故事实际上可以算是对那些认为他们厌恶的用法不可能生存和标准化的人的一种警告。尽管约翰逊是一个博学的人，但是他没有今天可以得到的词汇学的资料。如果约翰逊除了其他著作外能得到牛津拉丁语词典 和 中古英语词典 的话， 他就能从中认识到这一点：mater ， 意思为“母亲”，“作为诸如剪下的东西或水果来源的一株植物”和“来源”，是由materia ， 意思为“建筑用的木材”，“用于制造物体的任何材料”，“讲话或著作的主题”和“影响一个行动的条件”而衍变而来的。形容词materalis 是由在古典拉丁语中仅仅意味着“和主题有关的” materia 衍变而来的， 但它在中古拉丁语和后期拉丁语中的衍生词和古法语中的衍生词(materiel )以及中古英语中的衍生词( material )继续发展有了其他的意思， 如“由物质组成的”。中古英语的一个意思“重要的、有关的”，很可能追溯到古典拉丁语materia 的意思如“主题”在中古英语时期之后继续存在。 因此，最早在15世纪被记录下来的英语单词immaterial 至今仍有“不重要的”的意思是很自然的， 尽管约翰逊对此很愤怒〔sneak〕"He ran up huge hotel bills and then snuck out without paying" (George Stade). “他欠下一大笔旅馆的帐单，然后不付帐就偷偷溜走了” （乔治·斯塔德）。 〔secret〕a clandestine tryst;偷偷的私下约会； |
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