| 单词 | 学家 |
| 释义 | 〔Baer〕Estonian-born German naturalist and pioneer embryologist who discovered the mammalian egg (1827).拜尔，卡尔·厄恩斯特·冯：(1792-1876) 爱沙尼亚裔德国自然学家和胚胎学先驱，他发现了哺乳动物的卵（1827年）〔Darwin〕British naturalist who revolutionized the study of biology with his theory of evolution based on natural selection. His most famous works includeOrigin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871). 达尔文，查尔斯·罗伯特：(1809-1882) 英国自然学家，以自然选择为基础的进化论学说彻底改革了生物学的研究。他最著名的著作包括《物种起源》 （1859年）和 《人类的遗传》 （1871年） 〔Hudson〕British naturalist and writer whose works includeThe Purple Land that England Lost (1885) and Green Mansions (1904). 哈得孙，威廉·亨利：(1841-1922) 英国自然学家和作家，其作品包括《英国失去的那片紫土地》 （1885年）和 《绿厦》 （1904年） 〔jurisconsult〕A person learned in law; a jurist.法（理）学家：精通法律的人；法律学者〔Humboldt〕German naturalist and writer. His expedition to South America, Cuba, and Mexico (1799-1804) advanced the science of ecology.洪堡男爵，（弗雷德里希·亨利希）亚历山大·冯：(1769-1859) 德国自然学家和作家。他到南美、古巴和墨西哥的探险(1799-1804年）促进了生态学的发展〔Vinogradoff〕Russian-born British jurist and historian. His works includeGrowth of the Manor (1905) and Historical Jurisprudence (1920-1922). 维诺格拉多夫，保罗·加弗里洛维奇：(1854-1925) 俄裔的英国法学家和历史学家。他的作品包括《庄园的成长》 （1905年）和 《历史法学》 （1920年-1922年） 〔Clark〕British art historian whose works includeThe Nude (1955), Civilisation (1970), and Feminine Beauty (1980). 克拉克，肯尼思·麦肯热：(1903-1983) 英国艺术史学家，著作有《裸体》 （1955年）， 《文明》 （1970年）和 《女性美》 （1980年） 〔birdman〕also [-măn'] One, such as an ornithologist, who works with birds. 也作 [-măn'] 鸟类学家：研究鸟类的人，如鸟学家〔Meillet〕French linguist and Indo-Europeanist. He was the author of over two dozen books and reference works that are still widely consulted, includingThe Comparative Method in Historical Linguistics (1925). 梅里特，安东尼：法国语言学家及印度欧洲学家，他是超过24本以上书籍及持续广为使用参考作品的作者，包括《历史语言学的比较方法》 （1925年） 〔Solvay〕Belgian chemist and industrialist who developed the Solvay process and established a number of factories for producing sodium carbonate.索尔维·欧内斯特，欧内斯特：(1838-1922) 比利时化学家和工业学家。他发展了制造苏打的索尔维法，建立了大量生产碳酸钠的工厂〔agnostic〕An agnostic does not deny the existence of God and heaven, for example,but rather holds that one cannot know for certain if they exist or not.The termagnostic was fittingly coined by the 19th-century British scientist Thomas H. Huxley, who believed that only material phenomena were objects of exact knowledge.He made up the word from the prefixa-, meaning "without, not,” as in amoral, and the noun Gnostic. Gnostic is related to the Greek word gnōsis, "knowledge,” which was used by early Christian writers to mean "higher, esoteric knowledge of spiritual things";hence,Gnostic referred to those with such knowledge. In coining the termagnostic, Huxley was considering as "Gnostics" a group of his fellow intellectuals—"ists,” as he called them—who had eagerly embraced various doctrines or theories that explained the world to their satisfaction. Because he was a "man without a rag of a label to cover himself with,”Huxley coined the termagnostic for himself, its first published use being in 1870. 举例来说，不可知论者并不否认上帝和天堂的存在，但却认为无法确切知道他们的存在与否。术语agnostic 这个词是由19世纪的英国科学家托马斯·H·赫胥黎巧妙地创造出来的， 他认为只有物质现象才是确切意识的对象。他用意为“没有，无”的前缀a-， 如在 amoral 中和名词 Gnostic造词。 Gnostic与希腊词 gnosis 有关，指“意识”， 曾被早期的基督教作家用来表达“关于精神玄奥的、神秘的意识”。因此agnostic 就指那些有这类意识的人。 在创造agnostic 这个词时，赫胥黎把他的同伴知识分子──“学家”，认为是“可知论者”，就象他这样称呼他们一样── 他们急切地吸收各种信条或理论来随意地解释世界。因为赫胥黎“是个没有任何标签来掩饰自己的人”，他为自己创造了agnostic 这个词，1870年这个词首次用于出版物中 〔Webb〕British sociologist and economist who was a founder of the London School of Economics (1895). He and his wife,Beatrice Potter Webb (1858-1943), were central members of the Fabian Society and together wrote The History of Trade Unionism (1894) and other books. 韦布，锡德尼·詹姆斯：(1859-1947) 英国社会学家和经济学家，他是伦敦经济学院创建者之一(1895年）。他和他的妻子比阿特丽斯·波特尔·韦布 (1858-1943年），是费边社的核心成员并共同写了 《工联主义历史》 （1894年）和其它书 〔Belzoni〕Italian explorer and Egyptologist who discovered and opened ancient Egyptian tombs and temples, often sending the recovered artifacts to England.贝尔佐尼，乔瓦尼·巴蒂斯特：(1778-1823) 意大利探险家、埃及古文物学家。其发现和打开古埃及陵寝和神殿，通常将发现的出土艺术品送往英国〔Selden〕English jurist and scholar noted for his collection of Oriental manuscripts and hisHistory of Tithes (1618), which was suppressed at the urging of the clergy. 塞尔登，约翰：(1584-1654) 英国法学家和学者，因其收集东方手稿和著有《什一税史》 （1618年）而著名，该书因遭教士反对而被禁 〔Freud〕Austrian-born British psychoanalyst noted for her application of psychoanalysis to child therapy.弗洛伊德，安娜：(1895-1982) 生于奥地利的英国心理分析学家，以她将心理分析应用在儿童精神治疗中而著名〔scopolamine〕New Latin Scopolia [plant genus] after Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (1723-1788), Italian naturalist 新拉丁语 Scopolia [植物种类] 源自乔凡尼·安得欧 斯哥波里 （1723-1788年），意大利自然学家 〔Strachey〕British historian and biographer noted for his urbane, witty, and critical biographical works, includingEminent Victorians (1918). 斯特雷奇，（吉尔）利顿：(1880-1932) 英国历史学家，传记学家，以其文雅的、诙谐的、批评的传记作品闻名，包括《卓越的维多利亚时期的人》 （1918年） 〔ecotourism〕Tourism involving travel to areas of natural or ecological interest, typically under the guidance of a naturalist, for the purpose of observing wildlife and learning about the environment.生态旅游：到与自然或环境相关的地点旅游，通常是在自然学家的带领下以观察野生动物与了解环境为目的〔Smithson〕British chemist, mineralogist, and philanthropist. His gift to the United States helped establish (1846) the Smithsonian Institution.史密森，詹姆斯：(1765-1829) 英国化学家，矿石学家和慈善家。他捐给美国的财产帮助创建了史密森学会(1846年）〔Maitland〕British jurist and historian noted for his many works on the history of English law.梅特兰，弗雷德里克·威廉：(1850-1906) 英国法学家和历史学家，以其众多记述英国法律历史的著作而著称〔McLuhan〕Canadian cultural critic and communications theorist who maintained that the method of communicating information has more influence on the public than the information itself. His books includeThe Medium is the Message (1967). 麦克卢恩，（赫伯特）马歇尔：(1911-1980) 加拿大文化批评家、传播理论学家。他认为传播信息的手段在公众身上产生的影响比信息本身还要大。他的著作包括《媒介即信息》 （1967年） 〔Cuvier〕French naturalist who is considered the founder of comparative anatomy and vertebrate paleontology.居维叶，乔治斯·莱奥波尔德·克雷蒂安·弗雷德里克·达戈贝尔特：(1769-1832) 法国自然学家，他被认为是比较解剖学以及脊椎动物古生物学的创始者〔Rafinesque〕French-American naturalist whose thoughts on the origin of plant species presaged Darwin's theory of evolution.拉菲内斯克，康斯坦丁·萨谬尔：(1783-1840) 法裔美国自然学家，他对物种起源的想法预示了达尔文进化论（的出现）〔hardly〕The use ofhardly with a negative is avoided in Standard English. Some critics have been puzzled that adverbs such ashardly, rarely, and scarcely should be treated as negatives in the traditional strictures against double negation, which tars sentences likeI couldn't hardly see him with the same brush as I didn't get none. After all, they argue, the sentenceMary hardly laughed entails that Mary did laugh, not that she didn't,and therefore does not express a negative proposition.Buthardly and scarcely occur with other negative expressions in a number of ways. For one thing, they combine with items such asany and at all, which are characteristically associated with negative contexts: we sayI hardly saw him at all or I never saw him at all but notI occasionally saw him at all; we sayI hardly had any time or I didn't have any time but notI had any time, and so on. Like other negative adverbs,hardly triggers inversion of the subject and auxiliary when it begins a sentence. Thus we sayHardly had I arrived when she left, on the pattern of Never have I read such a book or At no time has he condemned the movement. Such inversion is not used with other adverbs:we would not sayOccasionally has he addressed this question or To a slight degree have they changed their position. The fact is that adverbs such ashardly are semantically negative in that they qualify a state or an event relative to the limiting case of nonoccurrence.Thus the meaning ofhardly is, roughly, "almost not at all"; the meaning ofrarely is "practically never"; and so forth. These adverbs are felt to have a negative component in their meaning,and it should not be surprising that grammarians have reacted to combinations ofhardly with negatives in the same way that they have reacted to combinations of pairs of negatives such as not and none. See Usage Note at double negative ,rarely ,scarcely Hardly 和一个否定词在一起的用法在标准英语中应尽量避免， 一些批评学家一直怀疑象hardly，rarely 和 scarcely 这样的副词在传统的双重否定的句中应被视为否定词， 这样的词使句子象I couldn't hardly see him 和 I didn't get none 一样被弄糟了， 他们争论说，毕竟句子Mary hardly laughed 的意思是玛丽的确笑了， 而不是她没笑，所以不表示否定的建议。但是hardly 和 scarcely 和其他的否定表示一起在许多方面出现， 举例说，他们和象any 和 at all 这样独特的和否定上下文联系的条目组合在一起， 我们说I hardly saw him at all 或 I never saw him at all , 但并不是I occasionally saw him at all； 我们说I hardly had any time 或 I didn't have any time 但不是I had any time 等。 象其它否定副词，hardly 在句子开头时引起主语和助动词的倒装， 于是我们说Hardly had I arrived when she left， 和 Never have I read such a book 或 At no time has he condemned the movement. 等同样的句型。 别的副词并不用这样的倒装：我们不能说Occasionally has he addressed this question 或 To a slight degree have they changed their position 。 事实是象hardly 这样的副词语义上是否定的， 他们限定修饰了与不发生有关的状态或事件。于是hardly 的意思大概是“几乎根本不”； rarely 的意思大概是“实际上没有”；等等。 这些副词在他们的意思里留有否定的成分，语法学家们对hardly 和否定词组合的反应和对一对否定词如 not 和 none组合的反应一样是不足为奇的 参见 double negative,rarely,scarcely〔loaded〕The psychoanalyst specialized in asking loaded questions.擅长提出意味深长的问题的心理分析学家〔Young〕British physician, physicist, and Egyptologist who revived the wave theory of light and postulated the three-color theory of color vision. He also helped decipher the hieroglyphics on the Rosetta Stone.扬，托马斯：(1773-1829) 英国医生、物理学家和埃及古文物学家，他复兴了光波理论并假定了色彩显示三色理论的存在。他还帮助破译了罗塞塔石碑上的象形文字〔Tooke〕British philologist and radical politician who petitioned Parliament to reform the government of the American colonies.图克，（约翰）霍恩：(1736-1812) 英国社会学家和激进政治家。他要求国会对美洲殖民地政府进行改革〔Tolkien〕British philologist and writer of the fantasiesThe Hobbit (1937) and The Lord of the Rings (1954-1955). 托尔金，约（翰）·伦（纳德）·鲁（尔）：(1892-1973) 英国语言学家和幻想家，作品有《穴居矮人》 （1937年）和 《行会首领》 （1954-1955年） 〔Justin〕Greek theologian who founded a school of Christian philosophy at Rome and wrote theApology and the Dialogue. 查斯丁：希腊神学家，在罗马创建了基督教哲学的一个派别，著有《护教文》 和 《谈话录》 〔dieffenbachia〕after Ernst Dieffenbach (1811-1855), German naturalist 源自欧内斯特 代芬巴赫 (1811-1855年），德国自然学家 〔praise〕The restoration of the frescoes is being widely but not universally acclaimed by art historians.壁画的修复在艺术史学家那里得到了广泛但非一致的称颂。〔Skeat〕English philologist who wroteAn Etymological Dictionary of the English Language (1879-1882) and began the systematic study of English place names. 斯基特，沃尔特·威廉：(1835-1912) 英国语言学家，曾著有《英语词源字典》 （1879-1882年），并着手了对英国地名的综合研究 〔Hale〕English jurist who promoted the Restoration, served as chief baron of the Exchequer (1660) and chief justice of the King's Bench (1671-1676), and was a noted scholar of English common law.黑尔爵士，马修：(1609-1676) 英国法学家，提倡复辟运动，1660年担任财政总长，1671-1676年任王座法庭首席法官，是英国习惯法（不成文法）方面的知名学者〔Borrow〕British philologist, traveler, and writer of books based on his journeys, includingRomany Rye (1857). 博洛，乔治·亨利：(1803-1881) 英国语言学家、旅行家及作家，著有《吉普赛男人》 （1857年）等游记 〔Coke〕English jurist who as chief justice of the Court of Common Pleas (1606-1616) ruled that the common law is supreme law, even when the Crown disagrees.科克，爱德华：(1552-1634) 英国法学家、高等民事法庭的首席法官（1606-1616年），即使在国王不同意的情况下仍裁定习惯法是最高法〔Garden〕Scottish-born American naturalist and physician who contributed to the classification of New World plants. The gardenia is named after him.加登，亚历山大：(1730?-1791) 苏格兰裔的美国自然学家和医生，对美洲植物分类有一定贡献。栀子花就是以他的姓名命名的〔Paris〕English monk and chronicler. HisChronica Majora traced the history of the world from the creation to 1259. 巴利史，马修：(1200?-1259) 英国僧侣和编年史学家，他的《大编年史》 追溯了从世界形成到1259年间的世界历史 〔Fromm〕German-born American psychoanalyst who emphasized the role of social conditioning in human behavior. His books includeEscape from Freedom (1941) and The Art of Loving (1956). 弗罗姆，埃利切：(1900-1980) 生于德国的美国心理分析学家，强调在人的行为当中社会条件的作用。他的著作包括《逃离自由》 （1941年）和 《爱的艺术》 （1956年） |
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