| 单词 | 引进 |
| 释义 | 〔introduction〕Something recently introduced; an innovation:被采用的东西：刚被引进的东西；新奇事物 ：〔vampire〕Dracula might terrify some younger members in the audience of a horror film,but we know he is an imaginary creature.The wordvampire, however, comes to us from other words and other times, when these bloodsucking reanimated corpses were considered real. The word entered English by way of French (vampire ) and German ( Vampir ), but it came into German from an Old West Slavic source of the form.vŭmpir. The wordvampire is first recorded in English in a work written before 1734. 德拉库拉可能会吓住恐怖电影的年轻观众们，但是我们知道他是个想象中的怪物。但是当这些吸血的复活尸体被认为是真的时，vampire 这个词却来自其它的词和其它时间。 这个词是从法语(vampire )和德语( Vampir )中被引进英语来的， 但它是从古西斯拉夫语中以vumpir 的形式被引进到德语中来的。 Vampire 这个词在英语中首先以文字形式出现，是在创作于公元1734年以前的作品当中 〔deskill〕To eliminate the need for skilled labor in (an industry), especially by the introduction of high technology.消除技术需求：消除（工业）对熟练工人的需求，尤指通过引进高技术〔start〕To introduce; originate.创始：引进；创办〔Bede〕Anglo-Saxon theologian and historian whose major work,Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation (731), written in Latin, remains an important source of ancient English history. He introduced the method of dating events from the birth of Christ. 比德：盎格鲁-撒克逊神学家和历史学家，他以拉丁文写的主要著作《英格兰民族教会的历史》 （731年），一直是英国古代历史的一个重要原始资料。他引进了以基督诞生之日来确定历史事件年代的方法 〔nonstandard〕The termnonstandard was introduced by linguists and lexicographers to describe usages and language varieties that had previously been labeled with terms such as vulgar and illiterate. Nonstandardis not simply a euphemism but reflects the empirical discoverythat the varieties used by low-prestige groups have rich and systematic grammatical structuresand that their stigmatization more often reflects a judgment about their speakersrather than any inherent deficiencies in logic or expressive power.Note, however, that the use of nonstandard forms is not necessarily restricted to the communities with which they are associated in the public mind.Many educated speakers freely use forms such ascan't hardly or ain't I to set a popular or informal tone. · Some dictionaries use the termsubstandard to describe forms, such asain't, associated with uneducated speech, while reservingnonstandard for forms such as irregardless, which are common in writingbut are still regarded by many as uneducated.Butsubstandard is itself susceptible of disparaging interpretation, and most linguists and lexicographers now use onlynonstandard, the practice followed in this Dictionary.词条nonstandard 被语言学家和词典编辑人引进用来描述以前已被词条，例如 vulgar 和 illiterate归类的用法和语言种类。 Nonstandand不只是委婉的说法， 而且反映了凭经验得到的发现：被具有权威的群体所用的语种有丰富而且系统的语法结构，而且这些误解被轻蔑描绘更经常地反映了对其说话者的判断，而不是对任何天生的逻辑和表达力的缺乏。然而，要注意，非标准语形式的运用并不必要限制于在公众心目中与其所联系的团体。许多受过教育的说话者自由地用这些形式如can't hardly 或者 ain't I 说流行或非正式的句子。 有些字典用substandard 来描述此类形式， 如ain't， 并与未受教育的言语相联系， 而同时保留nonstandard 用来形容 irregardless 这一类形式， 这些形式普遍用于写作中，但仍被许多人认为是未受教育的用法。但是substandard 本身很容易引起贬低含义的翻译， 大多数语言学家和词典编辑现在只用nonstandard， 在此词典后边有练习〔native〕Indigenous specifies that something or someone is nativerather than coming or being brought in from elsewhere: Indigenous 特指某物或某人不仅具有本地的特征，而且从未被从别处引进或带来： 〔intromit〕To cause or permit to enter; introduce or admit.让…进入：使或允许进入；引进或接受〔Hyksos〕A Semitic people who invaded Egypt and ruled it during the 17th and 16th centuriesb.c. They introduced the horse and chariot into Egypt. 西克索人：于公元前 十六至十七世纪侵略并统治埃及的闪族人，他们并将马匹及战车引进埃及 〔inauguration〕A formal beginning or introduction.开幕，揭幕：正式开始或引进〔introduce〕exotic plants that had been introduced from the jungle.从丛林中引进的异国植物〔fact〕Fact has a long history of usage in the sense "allegation of fact,” as in "This tract was distributed to thousands of American teachers, but the facts and the reasoning are wrong" (Albert Shanker).This practice has led inevitably to the introduction of the phrasestrue facts and real facts, as inThe true facts of the case may never be known. These usages may occasion qualms among critics who hold that facts cannot be other than true,but they often serve a useful purpose.Fact 有一个漫长的历史用于表示“宣告事实”， 如在“这个小册子被散发到数以千计的美国教师手中，可这个宣称的事实和推理过程是错误的” （阿尔伯特·尚克）。这个惯例不可避免地导致引进词组true facts 和 real facts ， 如在这个案件的真实可能从未被证实 中。 这些用法在那些认为不可能不是真的事实的批评家中可能引起疑虑，而他们常用于有用的目的〔well〕Used to introduce a remark, resume a narrative, or fill a pause during conversation.喔，噢，唔，这个：用来引进一句话，继续讲述或填补对话间的间歇〔orange〕Oranges imported to China from the United States reflect a journey come full circle,for the orange had worked its way westward for centuries, originating in China,then being introduced to India,and traveling on to the Middle East, into Europe,and finally to the New World.The history of the wordorange keeps step with this journey only part of the way. The word is possibly ultimately of Dravidian origin, that is, it comes from a language or languages in a large non-Indo-European family of languages,including Tamil and Telugu, that are spoken in southern India and northern Sri Lanka.The Dravidian word or words were adopted into the Indo-European language Sanskritwith the formnāraṅgaḥ. As the fruit passed westward,so did the word,as evidenced by Persiannārang and Arabic nāranj. Arabs brought the first oranges to Spain,and the fruit rapidly spread throughout Europe.The important word for the development of our term is Old Italianmelarancio, derived from mela, "fruit,” and arancio, "orange tree,” from Arabicnāranj. Old Italianmelarancio was translated into Old French as pume orenge, theo replacing the a because of the influence of the name of the town of Orange, from which oranges reached the northern part of France.The final stage of the odyssey of the word was its borrowing into English from the Old French formorenge. Our word is first recorded in Middle English in a text probably composed around 1380,a time preceding the arrival of the orange in the New World.从美国进口到中国的桔子恰恰反映出兜圈子似的行进里程，因为原产于中国的桔子几个世纪以来不断向西行进，先是被引入印度，之后传播到中东国家、欧洲，最后引进了新大陆，orange 这个词的发展历史只与桔子的发展历程在一部分时段上是有其同步性的， 它最可能是来源于达罗毗荼，也就是说，它来源于非印一欧语系中的一种或多种语言，包括用于印度南部和斯里兰卡北部的泰米尔语和泰卢固语。达罗毗荼语是以梵文形式引入印欧语系的，形式如narangch。 当这种水果向西传播时，这个单词也同样西传，从以下可得到明证，如波斯语中的narang 和阿拉伯语中的 naranj。 阿拉伯人把第一批桔子带到西班牙后，这种水果又迅速传遍整个欧洲。我们现时所用的这个词的发展期中重要的一词便是古意大利语melarancio ，源于 mela， “水果”及 arancio， “桔树”， 来源于阿拉伯语naranj。 古意大利语melarancio 翻译成古法语为 pume orenge， o 变换为 a 是因为受奥伦奇城名的影响， 桔子即由此地进入法国北部。这一单词长途跋涉的最后一站是它由古法语orenge 进入英语词汇。 我们所用的这一词汇最初载入中世纪英语是在大约1380年左右的一份文本当中，早于桔子进入新大陆的时间〔bring〕To introduce into discussion; mention.把…引进讨论；提到〔Mulligan〕American jazz saxophonist and arranger known for his improvisational style and for introducing a jazz quartet without a piano as a standard group arrangement.杰瑞·穆利根：美国爵士乐萨克斯管演奏家与策划者，因其即兴的风格和引进不带钢琴作为一标准合奏安排的爵士乐四重奏而著名〔presentation〕A formal introduction.正式的介绍，引进〔nod〕The chairperson nodded us into the room.那位主席点头示意将我们引进屋子〔exotic〕exotic tropical plants in a greenhouse.See Synonyms at foreign 温室里引进的热带植物 参见 foreign〔Paracelsus〕German-Swiss alchemist and physician who introduced the concept of disease to medicine. He held that illness was the result of external agents attacking the body rather than imbalances within the body and advocated the use of chemicals against disease-causing agents.帕拉塞尔苏斯，菲利浦斯·欧雷奥卢斯：(1493-1541) 德国瑞士籍炼金术士和医生，他把疾病这一概念引进医学，认为疾病是分割身体的外用药剂的结果，而不是体内失调，并主张使用药物抵抗致病药剂〔domesticate〕To introduce and accustom (an animal or a plant) into another region; naturalize.引进：把植物或动物引进一个地区并使之适应；自然化〔Belmonte〕Spanish matador who introduced modern bullfighting techniques and completed 109 corridas.贝尔蒙特，胡安：(1892-1962) 西班牙斗牛士，引进现代斗牛技术，并完成109场斗牛〔kiosk〕The lowly kiosk where one buys a newspaper or on which one posts advertisements is like a child in a fairy tale who though raised by humble parents is really the descendant of kings.The wordkiosk was originally taken into English ultimately from Turkish, in which its sourceköshk meant "pavilion.” The open structures referred to by the Turkish word were used as pavilions and summerhouses in Turkey and Persia.The first recorded use ofkiosk in English (1625) has reference to these Middle Eastern structures, which Europeans imitated in their own gardens and parks. In France and Belgium,where the Turkish word had also been borrowed,their wordkiosque was applied to something lower on the scale, structures resembling these pavilions but used as places to sell newspapers or as bandstands. England borrowed this lowly structure from Franceand reborrowed the word,which is first recorded in 1865with reference to a place where newspapers are sold.用来购买报纸或张贴广告的普通的凉亭好像是神话故事中尽管由地位低下的父母抚养但确实是国王后代的儿童一样，单词kiosk 收入英文的起源最早是土耳其语， 土耳其语中它的出处koshk 意为“大帐篷”。 在土耳其语中开敞的建筑物用来作为土耳其和波斯的帐篷和凉亭。英语中最早记录的kiosk 的使用（1625年）参照于欧洲人在他们自己的花园和公园中仿制的中东式建筑。 在法国和比利时，这个土耳其语单词也被借用，它们的单词kiosque 适用于结构上类似于这些凉亭，但规模上比较矮，用作卖报纸的场所或室外音乐台的建筑。 英国从法国引进了这种普通建筑，并且重新引入了这个单词，它的最早记载是在1865年，与卖报纸的场所有关〔Weber〕Russian-born American painter whose abstract works helped introduce the European avant-garde movements of the early 20th century to American art.韦伯，马克斯：(1881-1961) 俄裔美籍画家。他的抽象派作品有助于引进20世纪初期欧洲的先锋派运动到美国艺术〔Mann〕American educator who as the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education (1837-1848) introduced reforms and regulations that greatly influenced American public education.曼恩，霍勒斯：(1796-1859) 美国教育家 ，是马萨诸塞州教育董事会第一任秘书长（1837-1848年），他引进了一些改革方案和规章，对美国公共教育产生了重大的影响〔bootstrap〕"We've bootstrapped our way back with aggressive tourism and recruiting high tech industries"(John Corrigan)“我们靠繁荣旅游业和引进高技术产业来开拓我们的道路”(约翰·科里根)〔Arnold〕British educator and historian who as headmaster of Rugby School (1827-1842) introduced classes in mathematics, modern languages, and modern history into the classical curriculum.阿诺德，托马斯：(1795-1842) 英国教育家和历史学家，在他担任卢格比公学校长（1827-1842年）时，在文科课程中引进了数学，现代语言和现代历史课程〔Gunter〕English astronomer and mathematician who invented a surveying chain, quadrant, and scale and introduced the trigonometric termscosine and cotangent. 冈特，埃德蒙：(1581-1626) 英国天文学家和数学家，发明了测链，象限仪和标尺，并引进了两个三角学术语，余弦 和 余切 〔check〕The wordscheck , chess , and shah are all related. Shah, as one might think, is a borrowing into English of the Persian title for the monarch of that country.The Persian wordshāh was also a term used in chess, a game played in Persia long before it was introduced to Europe.One saidshāh as a warning when the opponent's king was under attack. The Persian word in this sense,after passing through Arabic,probably Old Spanish, and then Old French,came into Middle English aschek about seven hundred years ago. Chess itself comes from a plural form of the Old French word that gave us the word check. Checkmate, the next stage after check, goes back to the Arabic phraseshāh māt, meaning "the king is stymied.”Through a complex development having to do with senses that evolved from the notion of checking the king,check came to mean something used to ensure accuracy or authenticity. One such means was a counterfoil, a part of a check, for example,retained by the issuer as documentation of a transaction.Check first meant "counterfoil" and then came to mean anything,such as a bill or bank draft, with a counterfoil—or eventually even without one.单词check ， chess 和 shah 是互相关联的。 Shah 就象有人可能想象的那样， 是英语里的外来词，原指波斯国王的称号。波斯词语shah 也是国际象棋中的术语， 国际象棋在被引进欧洲之前早就在波斯流传。当对手的“国王”受到攻击时我们说shah 作为一种警告。 这个意义的波斯单词，通过阿拉伯语，可能还有古西班牙语和后来的古法语，大约在七百年前被收入中世纪英语中chek 。 Chess 本身来自于古法语 check 的复数形式。 Checkmate ，是 check 的下一步， 来自于阿拉伯短语shah mat， 意思是“国王进退两难”。从对“国王”将军这个概念演化而来，check 的含义经历了复杂的发展过程，它后来指用以确保准确性或真实性的某种东西。 例如，其中一个含义是指作为支票的一部分的存根，由签发支票的人保留作为交易的单据。Check 最初是指“存根”， 后来指任何有存根的东西，如帐单或银行汇票等，最后甚至指没有存根的东西〔mill〕Industrial mill towns are a far cry from the small water mill grinding grain near an Anglo-Saxon settlement,but the same wordmill is used in both contexts, showing how the meaning of a word can be generalized.The Old English wordmylen, "water mill for grinding grain,” is itself adopted from Late Latinmolīna or molīnum, "mill,” just as the Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxons, adopted the water mill from the Romans.In Middle Englishmilne, the descendant of the Old English word, was generalized to refer to a windmill, any power-driven mill for grinding grain, and a fulling mill.But it was left for the postmedieval,increasingly industrialized world really to generalize the meaning ofmill, applying it to machines such as pepper mills and cider millsand buildings such as textile mills and steel mills.Mill town is first recorded in 1847. 工业化的制造区与原来盎格鲁-撒克逊人居住地附近那种靠水力推动来磨谷物的小型磨臼大不相同，但mill 这个词对这两种情况都适用， 这可以体现出某一词汇的意思是可以有概括性的。古英语中mylen 一词有“磨谷物的水磨”的意思， 这个词由后期拉丁语中的molina 或 molinum 而来，意为“磨臼”， 正如日尔曼民族中的盎格鲁-撒克逊人从罗马人那里引进了水磨。中古英语中milne 一词由古英语词而来， 它的词义已扩大，可指风车、任何靠动力驱动来磨谷物的磨以及缩洗机。不过在中世纪晚期，不断发展的工业化世界真正使mill 这个词在意义上有所扩大， 它可以指胡椒研磨机或苹果榨汁机等机器，也可以指纺织厂或钢铁厂等工厂。Mill town 这个词最早见载于1847年 〔induct〕She was inducted into the ways of the legal profession.她被引进法律这一行〔intromission〕The act or process of intromitting; introduction or admission.进入：进入的动作或过程；引进或接受〔machine〕A literary device used to produce an effect, especially the introduction of a supernatural being to resolve a plot.产生文学效果：为产生效果的文学手段，特指引进超自然因素使情节得以解决〔weave〕To introduce (another element) into a complex whole; work in:编入：把（另外的因素）引进一个复杂的整体；把…穿插进去：〔pollute〕To make less suitable for an activity, especially by the introduction of unwanted factors:玷污：使不太适宜于某一活动，尤其指通过引进不需要的因素：〔pheasant〕Any of various Old World birds of the family Phasianidae, especially the ring-necked pheasant introduced in North America, characteristically having long tails and, in the males of many species, brilliantly colored plumage.雉鸡，野鸡：一种欧亚大陆的雉科鸟，尤指从北美洲引进的颈上有环纹的雉鸡，特征是长尾巴、雄性有许多种华丽多彩的羽毛〔introduce〕To bring in and establish in a new place or environment:引进，传入：引入并在新地方或新环境得到承认： |
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