| 单词 | 提出 |
| 释义 | 〔ultimatum〕A final statement of terms made by one party to another.最后通牒：一个团体向另一个团体提出的最后的条件〔quibble〕The central meaning shared by these verbs is "to raise petty or frivolous objections or complaints": 这些动词所共有的中心意思是“提出无关紧要或琐屑的异议或埋怨”： 〔Wegener〕German geophysicist, meteorologist, and explorer who proposed the theory of continental drift.韦格纳，阿尔弗烈德·洛泰：(1880-1930) 德国地球物理学家、气象学家和探险家，他提出了大陆漂移理论〔posit〕To put forward, as for consideration or study; suggest:提出以供考虑或研究；建议：〔prolepsis〕The anticipation and answering of an objection or argument before one's opponent has put it forward.预辩法：预料和应答对方可能提出的反对或辩论〔proffer〕To offer for acceptance; tender.See Synonyms at offer 提供；提出 参见 offer〔percent〕Statistically speaking,a quantity can be increased by any percentage but cannot be decreased by more than 100 percent.Once pollution has been reduced by 100 percent, for example, it ceases to exist,and no further reduction is possible.In defiance of this logic, however, advertisers sometimes refer toa 150 percent decrease in lost luggage or a new dental rinse that reduces plaque on teeth by over 300 percent. On reflection,it is possible to infer the intended meaning in these examples—presumably the rinse is three times as effective as some other tooth-cleaning procedure—but the ostensible claim is logically nonsensical,and the phrasing serves mostly to obscure the fact that the standard of comparison has not been made explicit.The latter phrase was unacceptable to 66 percent of the Usage Panel.从统计学上说，数量可以按任意比例增长但不能按超过百分之一百的比例减少。例如，一旦污染减少百分之百，它就会消失，也就不再会有任何进一步减少的可能了。然而，广告商们时常忽视这种规律而提出行李丢失率下降了百分之一百五 或 一种新型爽口剂将牙病减少了百分之三百。 从观众的反应来说，不可能推断这些例句想表达的意思——假定这种爽口剂比其它洁齿措施有效三倍——但这种表面的说法却是不合逻辑的，并且短语的运用大大模糊了比较标准尚不清晰的事实。后一个短语是百分之六十六的用法小组成员不能接受的〔boycott〕Charles C. Boycott seems to have been forced by his strong sense of duty into becoming a household word.Boycott was the estate agent of the Earl of Erne in County Mayo, Ireland.The earl was one of the absentee landowners who as a group held most of the land in Ireland.Boycott was chosen in the fall of 1880 to be the test case for a new policy advocated by Charles Parnell, an Irish politician who wanted land reform.Any landlord who would not charge lower rents or any tenant who took over the farm of an evicted tenant would be given the complete cold shoulder by Parnell's supporters.Boycott, a former British soldier, refused to charge lower rents and ejected his tenants.At this point members of Parnell's Irish Land League stepped in,and Boycott and his family found themselves isolated—without servants, farmhands, service in stores, or mail delivery.Boycott's name was quickly adopted as the term for this treatment,not just in English but in other languages such as French, Dutch, German, and Russian.查理斯·C·博伊考特看来是因为其强烈的责任感而成为一个家喻户晓的词。博伊考特是爱尔兰麦奥县俄内伯爵的房地产经纪人。俄内是占有爱尔兰大部分土地的不在地主集团中的一员。博伊考特于1880年秋季被选为一项新政策的试点，此项政策是由一个企图进行土地改革的爱尔兰政治家──查理斯·帕内尔提出的。那些不愿降低地租的地主或接管被驱逐佃户土地的佃农都被帕内尔的支持者疏远。作为原英军士兵的博伊考特，拒绝收取低地租并且驱逐佃户。此时帕内尔爱尔兰土地联盟成员插手了，博伊考特及其家人发现他们被孤立了──没有仆人，农业工人，得不到商店服务，也没有人送信。博伊考特的名字很快就被用作这种对待方法的专有名词，不仅用于在英语中，而且也用于如法语、荷兰语、德语和俄语的其他语言中〔doctrine〕The central meaning shared by these nouns is "a principle taught, advanced, or accepted, as by a group of philosophers": 这些名词共有的中心意思是：“一群哲学家等讲授、提出或接受的原理”： 〔MacKaye〕American actor, playwright, and producer who founded America's first school of drama (1873) and developed many theatrical innovations, such as overhead lighting. Of his sons,Percy (1875-1956) was a noted poet and playwright and Benton (1879-1975) was a regional planner who proposed the Appalachian Trail (1921). 麦克凯，（詹姆斯·莫里森）斯梯尔：(1842-1894) 美国演员、剧作家和制片人，1873年设立了美国第一所戏剧学校，发展了许多舞台创意，如头顶灯光等。他的儿子帕西 （1875-1956年）是著名诗人、剧作家而 本顿 （1879-1975年）是地区规划者，1921年提出了阿巴拉契亚之路计划 〔set〕To present for consideration; propose:提出：提出想法；建议：〔reargue〕To debate again or present additional arguments for (a case or an issue, for example), especially in a court of law:再辩论：重新辩论或对（例如某案件或问题）提出新的证据理由，尤指法庭的再辩论：〔Townsend〕American physician and social reformer whose plan for a government-sponsored old-age pension was a precursor of the Social Security Act of 1935.汤森，弗朗西斯·埃弗里特：(1867-1960) 美国内科医生及社会改革家，他提出的由政府资助的老军人养老金计划是1935年通过的社会保障法案的前身〔parallel〕In its mathematical usageparallel is an absolute term— two lines either do or do not intersect—and as such does not admit of qualification as to degree.Some grammarians have arguedthat this restriction should apply as well to nontechnical uses of the word.According to this logic,one may not sayThe two roads have been made more parallel, except perhaps as a loose way of saying what is rendered more precisely by expressions such asmore nearly parallel. Like the analogous objection that has been made to the comparison ofequal, the point betrays a misconception about the relation between mathematical concepts and their ordinary-language equivalents.Applied to objects in the world,parallel can only denote a rough approximation to a geometric ideal. A pair of rails or parked cars cannot be truly parallel in the mathematician's sense of the termbut only more or less so,just as a road or shelf cannot be truly straight in the geometric sensebut nonetheless may be described as very straight or relatively straight.The grammarians' compunctions make even less sense when applied to metaphorical uses ofparallel, as inThe difficulties faced by the Republicans are quite parallel to those that confronted the Democrats four years ago, in which the intended meaning has nothing to do with the possibility of intersectionbut instead suggests the structural correspondence of two distinct situations.In this sense, parallelism is clearly a matter of degreeand the wordparallel can be modified accordingly. See Usage Note at equal ,perfect ,unique 在数学用法中，parallel 是一个绝对的表达法—— 两条线要么相交，要么就不相交——它既没有限定性也没有程度差别。一些语法学家曾提出，这种限制也应该适用于该词在非科技方面的用法，按照这种逻辑，人们不能说这两条路已被修得更加平行了， 除非作为用例如更接近于平行 这样的表达方法更精确地表示的东西的不够精确的说出方法。 象对equal 的比较所做的类似反对一样， 这个观点使数学概念与普通用语中等价词之间的关系引起误解。当运用到世间的实物时，parellel 仅能指与几何理想状态大致接近的状况。 一对铁轨或停放的车辆不可能按数学家对于这个术语的理解来真正地相互并行，而不过是大致平行而已，正如公路和架子不可能是真正几何意义上的笔直，但仍可被描绘成很直的或相对而言的笔直。在用到parallel 的比喻用法时，语法学家的不安就更显得意义不大了， 例如：共和党人所面临的重重困难与四年前民主党人遇到的困难十分相似， 在这句话中，该词的引申意义与相交的可能性毫无关系，然而它暗指了两种不同情况结构上的一致。在此意义上，相似性明显是程度的问题，相应地，parallel 一词也能被其它词限定修饰了。 参见 equal,perfect,unique〔enter〕enter a plea of innocence; enter a complaint.递呈一份无罪申诉状；提出控诉〔counsel〕To give or take advice.See Usage Note at council 提出或接受建议 参见 council〔Fourierism〕A system for social reform advocated by Charles Fourier in the early 19th century, proposing that society be organized into small self-sustaining communal groups.傅立叶空想社会主义：由查尔斯·傅立叶于19世纪早期提出的社会改革形式，设想建立由自给自主的基层组织构成的理想社会〔marketplace〕A situation or place in which values, opinions, and ideas are put forward for debate or recognition:交流场所：提出价值、观点或想法以供讨论或认同的处所或地点：〔allege〕To state (a plea or excuse, for example) in support or denial of a claim or accusation:推诿，藉口，辩称：提出（如请求或理由）以支持或否认一项要求或指控：〔all〕The constructionall that is used informally in questions and negative sentences to mean "to the degree expected,” as inI know it won an Oscar, but the film is not all that exciting. In an earlier survey, the Usage Panel rejected the use of this construction in formal writing. · Sentences of the formAll X's are not Y may be ambiguous. All of the departments did not file a report may mean that some departments did not file, or that none did. If the first meaning is intended,it can be unambiguously expressed by the sentenceNot all of the departments filed a report. If the second meaning is intended, a paraphrase such asNone of the departments filed a report or All of the departments failed to file a report can be used. Note that the same problem can arise with other universal terms likeevery in negated sentences, as in the ambiguousEvery department did not file a report. See Usage Note at every all that 这种句法作为非正式用语用于问句和否定句中，意思为“达到所期望的程度地”， 如我知道这部影片获了奥斯卡奖，但它并不那么激动人心 一句中。 在早先的一次调查中，用法使用小组不同意在正式书面语中用这一短语。All X's are not Y 类型的句子可能会造成歧义。 All of the departrnents did not file a report 可以指一些部门没有提出，也可以指没有一个部门提出。 如果指的是第一个意思，它可以通过以下这句话明确地表达出来，Not all of the departments file a report。 如果指的是第二个意思，如None of the departments file a report 或者 All of the departments failed to file a report 都可以把意思表达清楚。 注意这种情况在其他整体词如every 用在否定句时也会碰到， 如下面这个有歧义的句子Every department did not file a report 参见 every〔plea〕entered a plea of not guilty.提出无罪的答辩〔suit〕builders who suit the house to the owner's specifications.使房子适合房主提出的规格的建筑工们〔banco〕A bet in certain gambling games for the entire amount the banker offers to accept.一种赌注：某些赌博游戏中对庄家提出接受的全部数额的一种赌注〔take〕To accept or believe (something put forth) as true:接受，相信：接受或相信（所提出的某事）是真的：〔Spencerism〕The system of logical positivism developed by Herbert Spencer, setting forth the idea that evolution is the passage from the simple, indefinite, and incoherent to the complex, definite, and coherent.斯宾塞哲学体系：由赫伯特·斯宾塞创建的逻辑实证哲学体系，提出了有关进化即是从简单性、不确定性及不连贯性发展成复杂性、确定性及连贯性的过程的观念〔Wickersham〕American lawyer who as U.S. attorney general (1909-1913) brought antitrust suits against Standard Oil and other corporations.威克沙姆，乔治·伍德沃德：(1858-1936) 美国律师，曾任联邦司法部长(1909—1913年），对标准石油公司和其它企业提出反托拉斯诉讼〔bid〕An offer or proposal of a price.出价：提出或建议一个价格〔Mason〕American Revolutionary politician from Virginia. A member of the Constitutional Convention (1787), he voiced criticism that resulted in the drafting of the Bill of Rights. His grandsonJames Murray Mason (1798-1871) was a Confederate diplomat to Great Britain and France. 梅森，乔治：(1725-1792) 来自弗吉尼亚州的美国革命政治家。作为立宪会议(1787年）的成员，他提出的批评使权利法案得以起草。他的孙子詹姆斯·莫瑞·梅森 (1798-1871年）是邦联派往大不列颠和法国的外交官 〔Bardeen〕American physicist. He shared a Nobel Prize in 1956 for the development of the electronic transistor and in 1972 for a theory of superconductivity.巴丁，约翰：(1908-1991) 美国物理学家。在1956年他因发展了电晶体管而获诺贝尔奖，在1972年他因提出了超导理论再获此殊荣〔overrule〕The defense attorney's objection was overruled by the judge.被告辩护律师提出的反对被法官驳回了〔broach〕introduce a tax bill before the legislature;向立法机关提出纳税法案；〔brief〕A document containing all the facts and points of law pertinent to a specific case, filed by an attorney before arguing the case in court.诉讼要点，案情摘要：包含与案件有关的所有证据、论点的文件，由律师出庭辩论时提出〔case〕presented a good case for changing the law.提出了一条很好的变更法律的理由〔Merton〕American sociologist who proposed that deviant behavior results when a society offers no acceptable means of achieving acceptable goals.默顿，罗伯特·金：(生于 1910) 美国社会学家，他提出当社会不能提供达到可接受目标的可接受手段时，就会有越轨行为发生〔chagrin〕The ultimate etymology of the wordchagrin, which comes directly to us from French, is considered uncertain by many etymologists. At one timechagrin was thought to be the same word as shagreen, "a leather or skin with a rough surface,” derived from French chagrin. The reasoning wasthat in French the word for this rough material, which was used to smooth and polish things,was extended to the notion of troubles that fret and annoy a person.It was later decided, however,that the sense "rough leather" and the sense "sorrow" each belonged to a different French wordchagrin. Other etymologists have offered an alternative explanation,suggesting that the French wordchagrin, "sorrow,” is a loan translation of the German word Katzenjammer, "a morning-after-the-night-before feeling.” A loan translation is a type of borrowing from another languagein which the elements of a foreign word,as inKatzen, "cats,” and Jammer, "distress, seediness,” are assumed to be translated literally by corresponding elements in another language,in this case,chat, "cat,” and grigner, "to grimace.” The actual etymology is less colorful,with the word probably going back to a Germanic word,.gramī, meaning "sorrow, trouble.”Chagrin is first recorded in English in 1656 in the now obsolete sense "anxiety, melancholy.”我们从法语直接借用的词chagrin 的最终词源被许多词源学家认为是不能确定的。 Charin 曾经被认为和由法语词 chagrin 派生出来的 shagreen “有粗糙表面的皮革或皮肤”是同一个词。 理由是，这种粗糙材料是用来打磨和抛光物品用的，法语里的这个词被引申到有了使人懊恼和烦恼的意思。但后来才确定，“粗糙的皮革”的含义和“沮丧”的含义分属于一个不同的法语词chagrin 。 别的词源学家提出了另外一种解释，说法语词chagrin “沮丧”是借译于日耳曼语词 Katzenjammer “醉后的难受感”。 借译是借用另一种语言，即外语词的成分，如Katzen “猫”，和 Jammer “沮丧，不舒服”， 并照那种语言的对应成分直译过来，在这种情况下为chat “猫”和 grigner “做怪相”。 实际的语源没有这么富于趣味，这个词极可能要追溯到日耳曼语词grami ， 意思为“愁苦，麻烦”。Chagrin 第一次出现在英语里有记载的时间是在1656年， 当时的含义“焦虑，忧郁”现已过时不用〔object〕To put forward in or as a reason for opposition; offer as criticism:提出…作为反对的理由；反对说…：〔advance〕advanced a novel theory during the seminar.在讨论会上提出新奇的理论〔plagiarize〕To put forth as original to oneself the ideas or words of another.抄袭：将他人的观点或语言以自己的名义提出〔propose〕propound a theory;提出一个理论；〔broach〕an idea that was approved when it was first mooted before the committee;第一次在委员会上提出就通过了的计划； |
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