| 单词 | 文字 |
| 释义 | 〔joke〕It is hard to imagine the English language without the wordjoke , butjoke is only first recorded in 1670. Sincejoke was originally considered a slang or informal usage, it was not suitable to all contexts.The change in status ofjoke from then to now provides us with an excellent example of how usage changes. Joke has a decent enough heritage at any rate, coming from Latiniocus, "jest, sport, laughingstock, trifle.”Iocus in turn can be traced back to the Indo-European root yek-, meaning "to speak,” from which also comes the Umbrian wordiuka, "prayers,” and the Welsh wordiaith, "speech.” 我们很难想象英语中如果没有joke 这个词会怎样， 但是joke 在1670年才首次有文字记载。 因为joke 起初被认为是俚语或非正式用语， 以前它并不是在所有的文章中都适用的。从那时到现在joke 地位上的变化给我们提供了一个关于语言用法如何变化的极好的例子。 不管怎样joke 的词源算得上很体面， 它来自于拉丁语中iocus 一词， 表示“玩笑，游戏，笑柄，琐事”。Iocus 反过来又可追溯到印欧语系中的词根 yek- 表示“说话”， 从这个词根还派生出翁布里亚语中iuka 一词，即“祈祷”， 以及威尔士语中iaith 一词，即“讲话，演说” 〔Derrida〕Algerian-born French philosopher who developed the theory of deconstruction. His widely influential works includeSpeech and Phenomena, Writing and Difference, and Of Grammatology, all published in 1967. 德希达，雅克：阿尔及利亚裔的法国哲学家，他发展了解构主义理论。其影响广泛的作品包括《声音与现象、书写与差异》 以及 《文字语言学》 ，全部于1967年出版 〔elliptic〕Of or relating to extreme economy of oral or written expression.精简的：口头或文字表达极其精练的，或与之有关的〔pen〕"Tyranny has no enemy so formidable as the pen"(William Cobbett)“文字和思想是暴政最强劲的敌人”(威廉·科贝特)〔landscape〕It would seem that in the case of the wordlandscape we have an example of nature imitating art, in so far as sense development is concerned.Landscape, first recorded in 1598, was borrowed as a painters' term from Dutch during the 16th century,when Dutch artists were on the verge of becoming masters of the landscape genre.The Dutch wordlandschap had earlier meant simply "region, tract of land,” but had acquired the artistic sense, which it brought over into English, of "a picture depicting scenery on land.”The fascinating thing isthat 34 years pass after the first recorded use oflandscape in English before the word is used of a view or vista of natural scenery. This delay suggests that people were first introduced to landscapes in paintingsand then saw landscapes in real life.从landscape 这个词，我们似乎能看到一个模仿自然艺术的例子， 单就这个词的意思发展来说。Landscape 首次记载于1598年， 它是在16世纪期间作为一个绘画术语从荷兰传过来的，当时的荷兰艺术家正在成为自然风景绘画的大师。荷兰语中landscape 这个词早期仅仅意味着“地区，一片地”， 但它后来传入英国时已经有了艺术上的含义“描绘陆上风景的绘画”。有趣的是，从landscape 这个词第一次见于英语文字到这个词表示自然景色的风光，经历了34年。 这一时间上的延迟暗示了人们首先是在绘画时接触自然，然后才是在现实生活中去欣赏风景〔berserk〕When we say that we are going berserk,we may not realize how extreme a state this might be.Our adjective comes from the nounberserker, or berserk, which is from the Old Norse wordberserkr, "a wild warrior or champion.” Such warriors wore hides of bears,which explains the probable origins ofberserkr as a compound of .bera, "bear,” and serkr, "shirt, coat.” Theseberserkers became frenzied in battle, howling like animals, foaming at the mouth, and biting the edges of their iron shields.Berserker is first recorded in English in the early 19th century, long after these wild warriors ceased to exist. 当我们说我们正变得狂暴时，我们可能不知道这种状况会有多严重。形容词源自名词berserker 或 beserk ， 这两个词都来自古老的斯堪的纳维亚语berserkr， 意思是“狂野的斗士”。 这些斗士身穿熊皮，也许这可以解释berserkr 这个词的来源是 bera “熊”和 serkr “衬衫，外套”这两个词的组合。 这些berserkers 在战斗中表现狂暴， 象动物一样吼叫，口吐白沫，口咬铁护甲。Berserker 于19世纪初首次出现于英语文字中，那已是狂暴斗士消失很久以后了 〔render〕To represent in verbal form; depict:描写：以文字形式表现；描绘：〔consonant〕A letter or character representing such a speech sound.辅音字母：代表这样语音的一个字母或文字符号〔imagination〕"In the world of words, the imagination is one of the forces of nature" (Wallace Stevens).“在文字世界中想象力是天赋的能力之一” （华莱士·斯蒂文斯）。〔mean〕"No one means all he says, and yet very few say all they mean, for words are slippery and thought is viscous"(Henry Adams)“没有人说出的话全都是他的本意，而极少有人能把自己的本意全部说出来，因为文字的表达可以很含糊，而人的思想可以停滞”(亨利·亚当斯)〔Sogdian〕The extinct Middle Iranian language of this people, known chiefly from texts and inscriptions dating from the second to the ninth centuriesa.d. 索特语：索特人所讲已经失传的伊朗中部语言，目前所知主要为可追溯至公元 第二至第九世纪的文字及铭刻 〔glyph〕A symbolic figure that is usually engraved or incised.雕刻的文字：常为印刻或雕刻的象征性文字〔stele〕An upright stone or slab with an inscribed or sculptured surface, used as a monument or as a commemorative tablet in the face of a building.石碑，石柱：刻有文字或图案的直立石板，用作纪念碑或建筑物表面的纪念匾额〔slush〕Maudlin speech or writing; sentimental drivel.无聊伤感的话或文章：感伤的演讲或文字；多愁善感的喋喋不休〔scrivener〕"Gutenberg's invention of movable type . . . took words out of the sole possession of monastic scriveners and placed them before the wider public"(Irvin Molotsky)“古得博格的可移动打字的发明…使文字不再成为苦行僧生活的抄写员的独占并使其大众化”(欧文·莫洛特斯基)〔copious〕Abounding in matter, thoughts, or words; wordy:冗长的：在主题、思想或文字方面繁复的；累赘的：〔verve〕from Latin verba [pl. of] verbum [word] * see wer- 5源自 拉丁语 verba verbum的复数 [文字] * 参见 wer- 5〔paraphrase〕The restatement of texts in other words as a studying or teaching device.变换措辞：一种用其它文字重述课文的学习或教学方法〔exocentric〕Of or relating to a group of syntactically related words, none of which is functionally equivalent to the function of the whole group. For example, none of the words in the phraseon the table is an adverb, yet they combine to form a phrase having adverbial function. 外向结构的，离心结构的：一群在语句构造上有关的字的或是与其相关的，其中的每一个字在功能上皆与该群文字整体的功能不相同，举例而言，on the table 词组中的文字都不是副词，可是它们所组合起来的词组却有副词的功能 〔wit〕"Wit has truth in it; wisecracking is simply calisthenics with words"(Dorothy Parker)“风趣之中有真意，而说俏皮话只是玩弄文字”(多萝西·帕克)〔Sanskrit〕An ancient Indic language that is the language of Hinduism and the Vedas and is the classical literary language of India.梵文：一种古印度语，为印度及吠陀经所用文字，也是印度的古典文学语言〔florilegium〕A collection of excerpts from written texts, especially works of literature.花谱，诗选：文字摘录集，尤其是文学作品的〔trophy〕The spoils of war, dedicated in classical antiquity with an inscription to a deity and set up as a temporary monument on or near a battlefield, hung or placed in an existing temple, or housed in a permanent, new structure.胜利纪念柱：古代被刻上文字而敬献给神的战利品，作为临时性纪念碑而被竖立于战场上或附近；悬挂或放置于一已建好的庙宇中，或存放于一永久性的新建筑物之中〔bibliolatry〕Excessive adherence to a literal interpretation of the Bible.圣经崇拜：对《圣经》文字解释的极度忠实〔character〕A mark or symbol used in a writing system.符号，字体：文字系统里的符号或标记〔Masora〕The critical notes made on manuscripts of the Hebrew scriptures before the tenth century, which embody this tradition.旧约圣经评注：10世纪前写于希伯来圣经手抄本上的评论性文字，是犹太教传统的体现〔macabre〕The wordmacabre is an excellent example of a word formed with reference to a specific context that has long since disappeared for everyone but scholars. Macabre is first recorded in the phrase Macabrees daunce in a work written around 1430 by John Lydgate. Lydgate expressed it so because he thoughtMacabree was a French author, although he was actually dealing with the Old French phraseDanse Macabre, "the Dance of Death,” a subject of art and literature.In this dance,Death leads people of all classes and walks of life to the same final end.Themacabre element is thought by some to be an alteration of Macabe , "a Maccabee.” The Maccabees were Jewish martyrswho were honored by a feast throughout the Western Church,and reverence for them was linked to reverence for the dead.One of the biblical books of Maccabees also contains a passage (II Maccabees 12:43-45) mentioning sacrifices for the dead and their future resurrection,which has been used to defend the doctrine of Purgatory.Todaymacabre has no connection with the Maccabees and little connection with the Dance of Death,but it still has to do with death.单词macabre 是一个极好的例子，创造该词的来龙去脉除了学者之外早已被世人所遗忘。 Macabre 最早见于短语 Macabrees daunce 是在1430年前后约翰·利德盖特写的一本书中。 利德盖特这样表达是因为他认为Macabree 是源于法语的词， 实际上他指的是一个古老的法语短语Danse Macabre， “死神之舞，” 一个艺术与文学的主题。在这个舞蹈中，死神把各种各样的人带到了同一个终点。有人认为macabre 是 Macabe 的变体，“马加比人”。 马加比们就是那些犹太殉道者，在天主教会中通过节日表达对他们的敬意，对他们的尊敬和对死的敬畏是联系在一起的。基督教典籍中关于马加比人的书中有一段文字（Ⅱ马加比人12:43-45)提到对死者的祭祀和他们未来的复活，这段文字被用来捍卫关于炼狱的教义。今天macabre 与马加比人毫无联系， 与死神之舞相关甚少，但它仍与死亡有关〔Gongorism〕A florid, ornate literary style, often employing elaborate puns and conceits.龚果拉主义：文字华美瑰丽的风格，通常借用精巧的双关和联想手法〔dyslexia〕A learning disorder marked by impairment of the ability to recognize and comprehend written words.诵读困难：一种学习障碍，症状是识别或理解书写文字的能力受到损伤〔content〕Often contents The subject matter of a written work, such as a book or magazine. 常作 contents 内容：文字作品的主题内容，如著作或杂志〔alliterate〕To use alliteration in speech or writing.押头韵：在话语或文字中使用头韵〔wordage〕Words considered as a group.（总称）文字：被当作是一组的词〔indexical〕A deictic word or element.直证文字或是要素〔quote〕As a transitive verbquote is appropriately used to describe the use of an exact wording drawn from another source. When the original source is paraphrased or alluded to,the more general termcite is usually preferable. · The nounquote is well established as a truncation of quotation, though many critics regard it as unduly journalistic or breezy.As such, it is best avoided in formal literary discussions.The use of the noun was acceptable to only 38 percent of the Usage Panel in the sentenceHe began the chapter with a quote from the Bible. But the usage is less objectionable in informal contexts or in reference to less august sources;the word was acceptable to 53 percent of the Panel in the sentenceHe lightened up his talk by throwing in quotes from Marx Brothers movies. · The nounquote is sometimes used as a synonym for "dictum, saying,” as inHis career is just one more validation of Andy Warhol's quote that "in the future, everybody will be famous for fifteen minutes.” This example was unacceptable to 76 percent of the Usage Panel.作为一个及物动词，用quote 一词来指从另一出处中抄取完全一样的用语是很恰当的。 当原文出处被意译或是间接提及时，一个意义更广泛的词cite 更可取。 quote 这名词形式是由 quatation 削减而来，也已被普遍接受， 虽然许多批评家认为这个词染有不恰当的记者文风或不太正式。因此，在正式的文学讨论中最好避免使用。在用法专题使用小组的调查中，只有38%的人认为这个名词在这章的开始他引用了《圣经》中的一段 文字 这个句子中的用法是可行的。 但在不正式的语境下或提及的出处不很严肃时，对于这种用法的反对意见要少一些。在他插入了一段引自马克斯兄弟电影中的 话 来活跃谈话气氛 这个句子中， 53%的小组成员认为这个词可以接受。 Quote 这个名词有时也可用作“格言、名言”的同义词， 如在他的一生再一次证实了安迪·霍尔的 格言 “将来，每个人都将享有十五分钟的知名度” 这个句子中， 用法专题使用小组中76%的成员认为这个例句无法接受〔incise〕To engrave designs, writing, or other marks into.刻：刻入图案、文字或其它符号〔sneak〕Snuck is an Americanism first introduced in the 19th century as a nonstandard regional variant ofsneaked. But widespread use ofsnuck has become more common with every generation. It is now used by educated speakers in all regions,and there is some evidence to suggest that it is more frequent among younger speakers thansneaked is. Formal written English is naturally and properly more conservative than other varieties, of course,and heresnuck still meets with much resistance. Many writers and editors have a lingering unease about the form,particularly if they recall its nonstandard origins.In fact, our consolidated citations, exhibiting almost 10,000 instances ofsneaked and snuck, indicate thatsneaked is preferred by a factor of 7 to 2. And 67 percent of the Usage Panel disapproves ofsnuck. Nevertheless, in recent yearssnuck has been quietly establishing itself in formal writing. An electronic search of a wide range of reputable publications turns up hundreds of citations forsnuck, not just in sports writingbut in news columns and commentary: Snuck 是一个美国独创词， 19世纪作为sneaked 的不标准的地方变体被首次引入。 在每一代，snuck 这个词都得到了广泛应用。 现在，任何地区受过教育的人都使用它，而且证据显示在年轻的使用者中，它比sneaked 更加常用。 当然，正式的文字英语自然要比其它语体保守一些，在这里，snuck 一词还是受到了排挤。 许多作家和编辑对这个词的形式有一种长久的反感，特别是联系到它不标准的起源。实际上，在我们反复验证过的显示约一万个使用sneaked 和 snuck 的引文中， 表明sneaked 受到青睐的程度为七比二。 用法专题使用小组成员中百分之六十七的人的反对snuck 一词。 但是，最近几年，snuck 在正式文体中也悄悄确立了它的地位。 对一系列著名出版物的电子扫描调查显示出几百处使用snuck 的地方， 而且不光是在体育文章中，在新闻专栏和评论中也有使用： 〔tablet〕A slab or plaque, as of stone or ivory, with a surface that is intended for or bears an inscription.匾额：（如用石块或象牙）做成的一块板或匾，具有一个用来刻字或已刻有文字的表面〔literature〕A body of writings in prose or verse.文学：用散文体或韵文体所写的文字〔Hawthorne〕American writer whose novels, such asThe Scarlet Letter (1850) and The House of the Seven Gables (1851), and short stories, including "Young Goodman Brown" (1835), are marked by elegant prose and moralistic and spiritual themes. 霍桑，内森尼尔：(1804-1864) 美国作家，他的小说以优美的文字、道德和精神为主题，如《红字》 （1850年）和 《七个山墙的房子》 （1851年）及“小伙子布朗”(1835年）等短篇小说 〔greet〕To salute or welcome in a friendly and respectful way with speech or writing, as upon meeting or in opening a letter.问候，称呼，招呼：在见面或信的开头以语言或文字方式友好并尊敬地致敬或欢迎 |
| 随便看 |
|
学习网英语词汇栏目收词371507余条，连同派生词、复合词、词组和习语等。每个词条提供了音标、词性、释义、用法、搭配和同（近）义词等多项功能，对所收词汇进行全方位的解释和说明，内容丰富，功能全面。