| 单词 | 文学批评 |
| 释义 | 〔West〕British writer and critic whose works include psychological novels, such asThe Judge (1922), critical studies, as of Henry James (1916), a historical study of Yugoslavia (1942), and several reports on the Nuremberg trials. 韦斯特，雷贝卡：(1892-1983) 英国作家和评论家。他的作品包括心理分析小说、如《法官》 （1922年），文学批评研究，如有关亨利·詹姆斯的研究(1916年），有关南斯拉夫的历史研究(1942年）和有关纽伦堡审判的几则报道 〔Bakhtin〕Russian linguist and literary critic, whose writings, includingProblems of Dostoyevsky's Works (1929) and The Dialogic Imagination (1975), were very influential in 20th-century structuralism, poststructuralism, social theory, and the theory of the novel. 巴克廷，米克黑尔·密赫罗夫斯基：俄罗斯语言学家和文学批评家，其作品包括《杜斯妥也夫斯基作品中的问题》 （1929年）以及 《对话的想象》 （1975年），对20世纪的构造主义、后构造主义、社会理论及小说理论影响极深 〔Ripley〕American minister, scholar, and literary critic. An important figure in the New England Transcendentalist movement, he directed the utopian community at Brook Farm, near Boston (1841-1847), and was the literary critic of theNew York Tribune (1849-1880). 里普利，乔治：(1802-1880) 美国牧师、学者和文学批评家。在新英格兰超验主义运动中是一个重要的人物。他在波士顿附近领导了乌托邦似的社团“布鲁克农庄”(1841-1847年），而且是《纽约论坛报》 的文学批评家（1849-1880年） 〔Lowes〕American educator and literary critic who wroteConvention and Revolt in Poetry (1919) and The Road to Xanadu (1927). 罗兹，约翰·利文斯顿：(1867-1945) 美国教育家和文学批评家。他写过《诗歌的传统与叛逆》 （1919年）和 《通往人间天堂之路》 （1927年） 〔Nicolson〕British diplomat and writer noted for his literary criticism and his biographies of Tennyson, Swinburne, and George V.尼科尔松，哈罗德·乔治：(1886-1968) 英国外交家兼作家，以文学批评及丁尼生·斯漫伯恩和乔治五世军的传记著名〔virtual〕Existing in the mind, especially as a product of the imagination. Used in literary criticism of text.虚的，内心的：在头脑中存在的，尤指意想的产物。用于文学批评中〔Philistine〕It has never been good to be a Philistine.Samson, Saul, and David in the Bible helped bring the Philistines into prominence because they were such prominent opponents.Even though the Philistines have long since disappeared,their name has lived on in the Old Testament.The English name for them,Philistines, which goes back through Late Latin and Greek to Hebrew, is first found in Middle English,wherePhilistiens, the ancestor of our word, is recorded in a work composed before 1325. Beginning in the 17th centuryphilistine was used as a common noun usually in the plural to refer to various groups considered the enemy,such as literary critics.In Germany in the same centuryit is said that in a memorial at Jena for a student who had been killed in a town-gown quarrel,the minister preached a sermon from the text "Philister über dir Simson! [The Philistines be upon thee, Samson!],”the words of Delilah to Samson after she attempted to render him powerless before his Philistine enemies.From this usage it is said that German students came to usePhilister, the German equivalent of Philistine, to denote nonstudents and hence uncultured or materialistic people.Both usages were picked up in English in the early 19th century.做非利士人从来没有好处。《圣经》中的参孙、索尔和大卫使非利士人出名是因为他们是很优秀的对手。尽管非利士人已消失很久了，他们的名字却仍存在于《旧约》当中。他们的英文名称Philistines 可由晚期拉丁语和希腊语追溯到希伯来语， 是在中世纪英语中首先发现的，其中我们所用词的前身Philistines 记载在一部1325年前的著作中。 17世纪以来，Philistine 被用作普通名词并且常以复数形式出现， 意指被认为是敌人的各种团体，如文学批评家。在同一世纪的德国，据说在耶拿举行的纪念一名在市民和大学生争执中被杀的学生的纪念会上，牧师从“［非利士人比你强，参孙!］”中选取了一段做布道，就是迪莱勒在试图使参孙在他的非利士手面前变得软弱无力后说的那些话。这段话的用法中可见德国学生开始使用philister 作为 philistine 的德语替代语， 意指不是学生因此也就是没有文化以及不务实的人。这两种用法在19世纪早期的英语中均能找到〔poetics〕Literary criticism that deals with the nature, forms, and laws of poetry.诗学：研究诗歌的本质、形式和规则的文学批评〔Howells〕American writer and editor in chief (1871-1881) of theAtlantic Monthly, who encouraged a number of writers, including Mark Twain and Henry James. He also wrote many novels, such as The Rise of Silas Lapham (1885), and books of literary criticism. 豪威尔斯，威廉·迪安：(1837-1920) 美国作家及《大西洋月刊》 的主编(1871年-1881年）。他曾给予许多作家，包括马克·吐温和亨利·詹姆斯以鼓励。他也写过许多小说，如 《西拉斯·拉帕姆的崛起》 （1885年），和文学批评集 〔Hazlitt〕British essayist noted for his trenchant literary criticism. His works includeThe Characters of Shakespeare's Plays (1817). 哈兹利特，威廉：(1778-1830) 因犀利的文学批评而闻名的英国散文家，他的作品包括《莎士比亚戏剧中的人物》 （1817年） 〔Longinus〕Greek philosopher. The volume of literary criticismOn The Sublime is attributed to him. 朗吉弩斯，迪奥尼西·卡修斯：() 希腊哲学家。文学批评著作《高尚论》 被认为是他的作品 〔McCarthy〕American writer noted for her sharp literary criticism and satirical fiction, including the novelsThe Groves of Academe (1952) and The Group (1963). 麦卡锡，玛丽·德肋撒：(1912-1989) 美国女作家，以其尖锐的文学批评和讽刺小说出名，其作品包括《学院的小树林》 （1952年）和 《群组》 （1963年） 〔Babbitt〕American humanist and scholar whose New Humanism movement sought to revive interest in classical virtues in literary criticism.白壁德，欧文：(1865-1933) 美国人类学家和学者，他的新人文主义运动试图恢复文学批评理论中对传统美德的关注 |
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