| 单词 | 因而 |
| 释义 | 〔Varmus〕American microbiologist. He shared a 1989 Nobel Prize for discovering a sequence of genes that can cause cancer when mutated.瓦莫斯，哈罗德·埃利奥特：(生于 1939) 美国微生物学家。他因为发现了一系列变异时可导致癌症的基因而获1989年诺贝尔奖〔herpesvirus〕Any of a group of DNA-containing animal viruses that form characteristic inclusion bodies within the nuclei of host cells and cause diseases such as chickenpox, infectious mononucleosis, herpes simplex, and shingles.疱疹病毒：一种含有脱氧核糖核酸的动物病毒之一，可在寄主细胞核内形成明显的内含物实体，因而引起如水痘、传染性单核细胞增多症，单纯性疱疹和带状疱疹〔corporation〕Such a body created for purposes of government. Also called body corporate 法人：因政府的原因而建立的这各实体 也作 body corporate〔bylaw〕A casual glance at the wordbylaw might make one think that the element by- means "secondary, subsidiary,” especially sincebylaw can mean "a secondary law.” It is possible thatby-, as in byway, has influencedbylaw in the sense "secondary law"; however,bylaw existed long before the sense in question. The word is first recorded in 1283 with the meaning "a body of customs or regulations, as of a village, manor, religious organization, or sect.”By- in this word comes from Old Norse, as may the wordbylaw, and is related to if not identical with the element -by in the names of many places, such as Whitby, where Scandinavians settled when they invaded England during the early Middle Ages.We get the sense of this-by if we compare the related word entered as bær, b÷r, bȳr, in the standard dictionary of Old Icelandic, meaning "a town or village" in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark and "a farm or landed estate" in Iceland. We thus see whybylaw would mean "a body of customs of a village or manor" and why we use the word to mean "a law or rule governing the internal affairs of an organization.”随意瞟一眼单词bylaw 可能会使人想起前缀 by- ，意为“第二位的，次要的”， 因为bylaw 意为“附属的法规”。 可能因为前缀by- 位于 byway 中， 它影响了bylaw “附属法规”这一意义； 然而bylaw 一词在上述意义产生之前早已存在。 该词最初是在1283年以“一种习俗或规章体系，如村庄、县邑、宗教组织或派系之中”这种含义记载的。前缀By- 来自古斯堪的纳维亚语中， 正如bylaw 一词在许多地名之中与后缀 -by 若不是完全一致，就是彼此相关， 如惠特比，这是斯堪的纳维亚人在中世纪早期侵入英格兰之后的定居地。如果我们将古冰岛标准字典中的相关词bær, b÷r, bȳr （在挪威、瑞典和丹麦这些国家中意为“城镇或村庄”而在冰岛意为“农场或庄园”）加以比较，就会得出后缀 -by 的含义。 我们因而可以明白为什么bylaw 一词意为“村庄或县邑的习俗体系” 以及我们为什么使用其“一种法规或规则，用于管理一个组织的内部事务”这一意义〔rhinestone〕Although rhinestones are inseparably associated with the costumes of country and western singers and Las Vegas showgirls,the word originally had European associations.The Rhine inrhinestone is the Rhine River, andrhinestone is a translation into English of the French phrase caillou du Rhin. Originally a rhinestone was a kind of rock crystal that was found in or near the Rhine and given a fancy name, as have other types of rock crystal such as Cornish diamond.Such stones could be made to imitate diamonds;hence the namerhinestone was applied to artificial gems made from paste, glass, or gem quartz. Rhinestones have spread far beyond the Rhine,becoming a central ingredient of certain aspects of Americana.Cornish diamonds have not shared the same fate.虽然莱茵石与乡村服装，西部歌手及拉斯维加斯的歌舞女郎联系紧密，但这个单词最初与欧洲有联系。单词rhinestong（莱茵石） 中的Rhine指莱茵河， 而rhinestone 是由法语短语 caillou du Rhin 翻译成英语的。 莱茵石最初是一种在莱茵河中或附近发现的天然透明石英石，并如同其它类型天然透明石英石，例如康沃尔钻石那样被赋予了一个新奇的名字。这样的石头能被用来仿造钻石；因而名称rhinestone（莱茵石） 便用于由含铅玻璃、玻璃或宝石石英制成的人造宝石。 莱茵石已遍及莱茵河以外，成为美国某些外观的重要组成部分。而康沃尔钻石则没有同样的命运〔interloper〕The wordinterloper comes to us from the days when England was embarking on the course that would lead to the British Empire. Interloper, first recorded in connection with the Muscovy Company, which was the earliest major English trading company (chartered in 1555),was soon being used as well in regard to the East India Company (chartered in 1600).Since these companies were monopolies,independent traders calledinterlopers were not wanted. The term is probably partly derived from Dutch,the language of one of the great trade rivals of the English at that time.Theinter- is simply a use of the prefix inter-, which English has borrowed from Latin,meaning "between, among.”The element-loper is probably related to the same element in landloper, "vagabond,” a word adopted from Dutchlandlooper, with the same sense and composed ofland, "land,” and lōper, from lōpen, "to run, leap.” The wordinterloper, first recorded around 1590, was too useful in a world of busybodies to be restricted to its original specialized senseand came to be used in the extended sense "busybody" in the 17th century.单词interloper 起源于英格兰向大英帝国演化的年代。 有关interloper 的记载最早与曼斯可维公司有联系。 这家公司是英国早期的主要贸易公司（设立于1555年）。随后这词又用于与东印度公司（设立于1600年）有关的方面。因为这两家公司都是垄断企业，因而不需要称interlopers 为独立经营者。 这一词条可能部分来源于荷兰语，当时英国主要贸易对手之一的语言。inter- 只是简单地作为前缀 inter- 使用， 这前缀是英语以拉丁语借用过来的，意为“在…之间，在…当中。”词素-loper 可能与“流浪汉” landloper 中的相同词素有关， 这个词从荷兰语landlooper 吸收过来， 意义不变，由“土地”land 和来自 lopen 意为“跑，跳”的 loper 组成。 interloper 一词最早约记载于1590年， 在充满多事者的世界里极为有用以致于不能局限于其原来的专有意思，在17世纪逐渐使用其引申义“爱管闲事的人”〔recall〕To request return (of a product) to the manufacturer, as for necessary repairs or adjustments.主动收回，调回工厂：因必要的修理或调试等原因而主动要求将（某个产品）回收到制造者手中〔extemporaneous〕asked an unpremeditated question. Something that isad-lib is spontaneous and improvised and therefore not part of a prepared script or score: 随口提出一个问题。 ad-lib 的事物是自发产生的和即兴而作的， 因而不是预先准备的手稿或记录的部分： 〔endplay〕A play in bridge that forces an opponent to lead and results in the opponents' losing one or more tricks that they would have won had they not been leading.残局打法：桥牌中的一种玩法，强迫对方先出牌并因而导致使对方失去那些如果他们不处于先出牌情形就可能会赢得的一分〔refugium〕An area that has escaped ecological changes occurring elsewhere and so provides a suitable habitat for relict species.生物种遗区：没有经历在其余地区出现的生态变化，因而为生物残遗种类提供合适居住地的地区〔cinchona〕Any of several trees and shrubs of the genusCinchona, native chiefly to the Andes and cultivated for bark that yields the medicinal alkaloids quinine and quinidine, which are used to treat malaria. 金鸡纳树：一种金鸡纳属 的树木和灌木，原产于安第斯山区，其树皮含有治疗疟疾的药用生物碱奎宁和奎尼定，因而被栽植 〔anchoress〕A woman who has retired into seclusion for religious reasons.隐居修道的女人，女隐士：为了宗教原因而隐居的女人〔rich〕Containing a large amount of choice ingredients, such as butter, sugar, or eggs, and therefore unusually heavy or sweet:富有营养成分的：包含大量精选成分，如黄油、糖或鸡蛋的，因而不同寻常地腻或甜的：〔scruple〕To hesitate as a result of conscience or principle:迟疑：因良心或原则上的原因而犹豫：〔damned〕There are many regional variants, mostly euphemisms, fordamned, both as an oath and as a mild intensive. Southern exclamations and intensives tend to begin withdad-, a euphemism for "god"—hencedadblamed, dadblasted, dadburn, and dadgum. Dadgum can be combined withit in the interjection dadgummit. Another such euphemism is the better knowndoggone, probably originally Southern but now widespread.Likedadgum, doggone is used as a mild intensive: "The best doggone deals in Alabama" (billboard in Montgomery). Doggone likewise appears in phrasal interjections: Doggonit, I dropped my hammer. A common regional variant ofdamned is durn, also euphemistic and relatively mild,as in this snatch of Baltimore dialogue: "If that's not just the weirdest durn thing I ever laid eyes on" (Anne Tyler).作为诅咒和轻度的加强语气词，damned 有许多宗教上的替换形式，其中大多为委婉语。 南方人的感叹词和加强语气词倾向于以dad- 作为开始， “上帝”的一种委婉说法——因而出现dadblamed，dadblasted，dadburn 和 dadgum。 Dadgum 在感叹词dadgummit 中，可与 it 结合在一起。 另一个这样的委婉词比doggone 知道的人更多， 可能最初为南方人使用而现在已普遍应用了。象dadgum，daggone 被用作轻度的加强语气词： “亚拉巴马最好的交易” （蒙哥马利的大型广告牌）。 Daggone 同样也出现在短语感叹词： 他妈的，我弄掉了锤子。 dammed 是 durn 的一个常见局部性的变体， 它也是一个委婉语且相对较轻，正如巴尔的摩的几句对话中出现的： 如果那不是最奇特的东西，我绝不会看一眼的 （安妮·泰勒）〔Harrison〕British actor best remembered for his portrayal of Professor Henry Higgins in the Broadway musical and film versions ofMy Fair Lady, for which he was awarded a Tony (1956) and an Academy Award (1964). 哈里森，雷金纳德·凯里：(1908-1990) 英国演员，给人留下记忆最深的是他在百老汇音乐及电影版《窈窕淑女》 中对亨利·希金斯教授的塑造，因而被授予1956年托尼奖和1964年奥斯卡金奖 〔sisterhood〕Association or unification of women in a common cause.妇女团体：由于相同的原因而结成的女性之间的联系和团结〔affect〕 Thus the sentenceThese measures may affect savings could imply that the measures may reduce savings that have already been realized,whereasThese measures may effect savings implies that the measures will cause new savings to come about.因而句子这些措施可能影响存款 暗含这些措施可能减少本以已实现的存款，而这些措施可能完成存款 则暗含这些措施将导致新的存款的产生〔touchy〕Tending to take offense with slight cause; oversensitive.易怒的；敏感的：因轻微的原因而易于发怒的；过于敏感的〔Columbus〕Italian explorer in the service of Spain who determined that the earth was round and attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby discovering America (1492). He made three subsequent voyages to the Caribbean in his quest for a sea route to China.哥伦布，克里斯托夫：(1451-1506) 意大利探险家，效力西班牙，他认定地球是圆的，试图从欧洲向西航海至亚洲，因而发现了美洲（1492年）。在他寻找通往中国的海路时又接连三次航海至加勒比海〔utilize〕A number of critics have remarked thatutilize is an unnecessary substitute for use. It is true that many occurrences ofutilize could be replaced by use with no loss to anything but pretentiousness, for example, in sentences such asBarbara utilized (prefer used ) questionable methods in her analysis or We hope that many commuters will continue to utilize (prefer use ) mass transit after the bridge has reopened. Bututilize can mean "to find a profitable or practical use for.” Thus the sentenceThe teachers were unable to use the new computers might mean only that the teachers were unable to turn the computers on, whereasThe teachers were unable to utilize the new computers suggests that the teachers could not find ways to employ the computers in instruction. 一些批评家认为utilize 只是 use 的一个不必要的替换词。 在许多情况下utilize 可以被 use 替代，除了矫饰的风格被去掉之外意思上没有任何减损， 例如：Barbara utilized ( used 更可取） questionable methods in her analysis（芭芭拉在她的分析中用了一些有争议的方法） 或者 We hope that many commuters will continue to utilize ( use 更可取） mass transit after the bridge has reopened（我们希望许多乘公共汽车上下班者在桥重新开通之后仍旧使用公共交通）。 但是utilize 可指“为…找到一种有益的或实用的用途”。 因而下面这句话The teachers were unable to use the new computers（老师们不会使用新电脑） ，有可能指只有这些老师不会打开计算机， 而The teachers were unable to utilize the new computers（老师不会运用新计算机） 暗示了那些老师在指导时不知道如何利用电脑 〔corollary〕A proposition that follows with little or no proof required from one already proven.系定理：随着刚已证明的命题而来因而需要很少或不需证据而得的命题〔Altenburg〕A city of east-central Germany south of Leipzig. It was built on the site of early ninth-century Slavic fortifications. Population, 54,999.奥登堡：德国中东部莱比锡以南城市，在9世纪早期斯拉夫人作为防御工事的地点因而建立起来。人口54,999〔fellowship〕The condition of sharing similar interests, ideals, or experiences, as by reason of profession, religion, or nationality.会社，团体：由于职业、宗教或民族的原因而共享相似利益、理想或经历〔holandric〕Relating to a trait encoded by a gene or genes located on the Y-chromosome and therefore occurring only in males.伴雄性遗传：由一个基因或几个非同种的Y染色体传递因而只在雄性中遗传的〔negativism〕Behavior characterized by persistent refusal, without apparent or logical reasons, to act on or carry out suggestions, orders, or instructions of others.抗拒性：因没有明显的或逻辑的原因而对执行别人的建议，命令或指导持一贯的否定态度所形成的行为性格〔isoantigen〕A protein or other antigenic substance present in only some members of a species and therefore able to stimulate antibody production in those members that lack it. Also called alloantigen 同种抗原；同族抗原：一种蛋白质或其它的抗原物质，只存在于一个物种的一些成员体内，因而能刺激缺乏它的那些成员产生抗体 也作 alloantigen〔king〕A piece in checkers that has been moved to the last row on the opponent's side of the board and been crowned, thus becoming free to move both forward and backward.王：在移到对方的边界这一排后，成为王，因而开始自由的向前或向后移的棋子〔Bishop〕American microbiologist. He shared a 1989 Nobel Prize for discovering a sequence of genes that can cause cancer when mutated.毕晓普，J.迈克尔：(生于 1936) 美国微生物学家，因发现变异后引起癌症的一组基因而获1989年诺贝尔奖〔preoccupied〕Already used and therefore unavailable for further use. Used of taxonomic names.已占用的：已经使用因而不能再作他用的。用于分类学名称〔latch〕To shut tightly so that the latch is engaged:用门闩关紧：关得太紧因而把弹簧锁撞上了：〔Kierkegaard〕Danish religious philosopher. A precursor of modern existentialism, he insisted on the need for individual decision and leaps of faith in the search for religious truth, thereby contradicting Protestant dogma and Hegelianism. His works includeEither/Or and Fear and Trembling (both 1843). 克尔恺郭尔，瑟伦·阿比：(1813-1855) 丹麦宗教哲学家，现代存在主义先驱。他坚持在寻找宗教的真理时个人决定和信仰选择的需要，因而反对新教教条和黑格尔主义。他的著作包括《非此即彼》 和 《恐惧与颤栗》 （均出版于1843年） 〔tremble〕To shake involuntarily, as from excitement, weakness, or anger; quake.See Synonyms at shake 颤抖：因激动、虚弱或生气等原因而不由自主地抖动；战栗 参见 shake〔henchman〕A person who supports a political figure chiefly out of selfish interests.（政治上的）支持者：主要出于自身利益的原因而支持某一政治人物的人〔inappreciable〕Too small to be noticed or make a significant difference; negligible:微不足道的, 毫无价值的：太小因而难以觉察或造不成显著差异的；可忽略的：〔hysteria〕A neurosis characterized by the presentation of a physical ailment without an organic cause, sleepwalking, amnesia, episodes of hallucinations, and other mental and behavioral aberrations.癔病：一种神经病，其特征是没有任何有机原因而表现生理的病症，比如梦游、失眠，产生幻觉，以及其他精神的或行为的怪异〔apparent〕Angry for no apparent reason;无明显的原因而恼火；〔racemic〕Of or relating to a chemical compound that contains equal quantities of dextrorotatory and levorotatory forms and therefore does not rotate the plane of incident polarized light.外消旋的：属于或关于一种化合物的，该化合物由等量的左旋和右旋形式组成，因而对偏振光平面不旋光〔august〕Venerable for reasons of age or high rank.尊贵的：因年龄或地位高等原因而受人尊敬的〔aestheticize〕"When they range too far from experience, aestheticize life too much, the pictures are disappointing"(Village Voice)“他们的经历悬殊且过于美化生活，因而所做的画很令人失望”(乡村之音) |
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